Biodiesel production via simultaneous transesterification and esterification reactions over SrO–ZnO/Al2O3 as a bifunctional catalyst using high acidic waste cooking oil

Al-Saadi, Ali; Kannan, M. Bobby; He, Yinghe

doi:10.1016/j.cherd.2020.08.018

Cited by 71 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…They allow esterification of FFA and transesterification of triglycerides simultaneously with high conversion and selectivity. These catalysts are particularly suitable for low-cost feedstock oils such as waste cooking oil, non-edible oils, and tallow wastes [ 72 ]. In this catalytic process, primarily acid-catalyzed treatments reduce the FFA content < 0.1% via esterification reaction and then transesterification with a base catalyst to produce high-grade biodiesel.…”

Section: Catalysis In Transesterificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodiesel Production Using Homogeneous, Heterogeneous, and Enzyme Catalysts via Transesterification and Esterification Reactions: a Critical Review

2021

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The excessive utilization of petroleum resources leads to global warming, crude oil price fluctuations, and the fast depletion of petroleum reserves. Biodiesel has gained importance over the last few years as a clean, sustainable, and renewable energy source. This review provides knowledge of biodiesel production via transesterification/esterification using different catalysts, their prospects, and their challenges. The intensive research on homogeneous chemical catalysts points to the challenges in using high free fatty acids containing oils, such as waste cooking oils and animal fats. The problems faced are soap formation and the difficulty in product separation. On the other hand, heterogeneous catalysts are more preferable in biodiesel synthesis due to their ease of separation and reusability. However, in-depth studies show the limited activity and selectivity issues. Using biomass waste-based catalysts can reduce the biodiesel production cost as the materials are readily available and cheap. The use of an enzymatic approach has gained precedence in recent times. Additionally, immobilization of these enzymes has also improved the statistics because of their excellent functional properties like easy separation and reusability. However, free/liquid lipases are also growing faster due to better mass transfer with reactants. Biocatalysts are exceptional in good selectivity and mild operational conditions, but attractive features are veiled with the operational costs. Nanocatalysts play a vital role in heterogeneous catalysis and lipase immobilization due to their excellent selectivity, reactivity, faster reaction rates owing to their higher surface area, and easy recovery from the products and reuse for several cycles.

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Section: Catalysis In Transesterificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodiesel Production Using Homogeneous, Heterogeneous, and Enzyme Catalysts via Transesterification and Esterification Reactions: a Critical Review

2021

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“…Regarding ZnO, it is an amphoteric oxide capable of transesterifying FFA present in oils, because it acts both as acid and Lewis base 88 . In the production of biodiesel, a material such as ZnO associated with other oxides leads to increasing the accessibility of FFA, methanol, and triacylglycerides to the active sites of the material, thus favoring the expressive results of conversions 89 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodiesel production on bench scale from different sources of waste oils by using NiZn magnetic heterogeneous nanocatalyst

et al. 2021

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Summary Different types of waste oils (soybean, sunflower, corn, and cottonseed) were evaluated in simultaneous esterification and transesterification reactions for more sustainable production of biodiesel by heterogeneous magnetic catalysis. The Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were synthesized by combustion reaction on a pilot‐scale of 200 g/batch, showing obvious conditions for possible scalability for large scale production. The properties of the MNPs were investigated by X‐ray diffraction, Rietveld refinement, UV‐Vis, Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller/Barrett, Joyner, and Halenda method, granulometric distribution, pH, zeta potential, and NH3‐TPD. The results confirmed the formation of the majority phase of the inverse NiZn spinel, with median particle of 39.6 nm, and surface area of 64 m2/g with acid character. The quality measures provide the adequacy of the biodiesel obtained and the gas chromatography showed conversions from 86.65% to 98.12%. Finally, the MNPs were successfully recovered and reused in three more cycles without activity loss, and with capacity for new recycles due to its high reactivity and stability.

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“…27,31 Heterogeneous catalytic conversion is frequently used in biodiesel production as a result of the reactivity of this type of catalyst and its multifunctional role during the process, including the esterification of the presented free fatty acids and transesterification of the triglycerides at the same time. 32 In addition, the fast separation of the heterogeneous catalyst from the reaction medium eases its recycling after activation, and consequently, the reusability can offer and decrease the production cost of biodiesel. 33 Satriadi et al compared the production cost of biodiesel during the transesterification process using various commercial homogeneous catalysts (KOH, NaOH, and H 2 SO 4 ) and heterogeneous Ni/zeolite catalysts from the catalyst weight and biodiesel yield points of view.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insight into the Recent Advances in Sustainable Biodiesel Production by Catalytic Conversion of Vegetable Oils: Current Trends, Challenges, and Prospects

2023

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Recently, numerous advances were reported in the creation of efficient and low-cost heterogeneous catalysts for the transesterification reactions of triglyceride molecules to decrease the overall cost of biofuel production. The heterocatalytic transesterification process has been recognized to be the most emerging approach in biodiesel synthesis as a result of its ease of use and low price. The unique characteristics of seven different kinds of heterogeneous catalysts, containing heteropolyacid, zeolite-based catalyst, layered-double-hydroxide-based catalyst, graphene, graphene oxide, activated carbon, biomass and non-biomass waste materials, and finally metal- and metal-oxide-based catalysts that are frequently employed in current biodiesel research, have undergone extensive studies. The emphasis is on multipurpose catalysts, which have high catalytic efficiency and low production cost because they create biofuel that is more applicable, effective, and eco-friendly. This review highlighted significant factors affecting the efficiency of heterogeneous catalysts, discussed the reaction parameters that affect biofuel production from various vegetable oil feedstocks, also mentioned the reaction mechanism of biodiesel production using heterogeneous catalysts, and last debated process opportunities and challenges that could stimulate future exploration.

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Biodiesel production via simultaneous transesterification and esterification reactions over SrO–ZnO/Al2O3 as a bifunctional catalyst using high acidic waste cooking oil

Cited by 71 publications

References 31 publications

Biodiesel Production Using Homogeneous, Heterogeneous, and Enzyme Catalysts via Transesterification and Esterification Reactions: a Critical Review

Biodiesel Production Using Homogeneous, Heterogeneous, and Enzyme Catalysts via Transesterification and Esterification Reactions: a Critical Review

Biodiesel production on bench scale from different sources of waste oils by using NiZn magnetic heterogeneous nanocatalyst

Insight into the Recent Advances in Sustainable Biodiesel Production by Catalytic Conversion of Vegetable Oils: Current Trends, Challenges, and Prospects

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