Biodiesel production using chemical and biological methods – A review of process, catalyst, acyl acceptor, source and process variables

Bharathiraja, B.; Chakravarthy, M.; Kumar, Rajeev; Yuvaraj, D.; Jayamuthunagai, J.; Kumar, R.; Sivashanmugam, P.

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.05.084

Cited by 131 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 128 publications

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“…It is clearly seen that the microwave-assisted transesterification of oils is a rather efficient process when compared to the conventional process, which is carried out in a batch stirred tank reactor and for which the reaction times required for the same magnitude of ester conversion are in the range of 60 to 120 minutes [1]. For the conditions of catalyst concentration of 3%, reaction time of 1 minute and oil:alcohol molar ratio of 1:6, the ester concentration reached a value of 99.0 ± 0.5 %, attesting the efficacy of the microwave-assisted process.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The transesterification of vegetable oils in batch processes is the most commonly used technology for biodiesel production, in which a short chain alcohol reacts with the oil in a stirred tank to produce the alkyl esters of fatty acids (biodiesel), with a basic homogeneous catalyst being used to accelerate the reaction [1]. One of the major advances in technology for the biodiesel production of recent times is the employment of microwave-irradiated reactors for the transesterification of oils, in which the reaction times are significantly reduced when compared to the conventional processes [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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FTIR Analysis for Quantification of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters in Biodiesel Produced by Microwave-Assisted Transesterification

Rabelo¹,

Ferraz²,

Oliveira³

et al. 2015

IJESD

130

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Abstract-Biodiesel was produced by microwave-assisted transesterification of soybean oil with methanol as esterifying agent and sodium methoxide as catalyst. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was employed as a fast and reliable analytical technique for the quantification of fatty acid methyl ester content in the produced biodiesel. The quantification was done with the use of a partial least squares model developed based on the infrared spectra obtained. It was shown that microwave irradiation is capable of reducing the reaction time when compared to conventional mechanically stirred reactors used for biodiesel production. In addition, quantification of fatty acid methyl ester content in biodiesel by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy coupled to multivariate statistics was demonstrated feasible.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

FTIR Analysis for Quantification of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters in Biodiesel Produced by Microwave-Assisted Transesterification

Rabelo¹,

Ferraz²,

Oliveira³

et al. 2015

IJESD

130

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Biodiesel is produced by the transesterification of oils or fats derived from plant matter or animal waste (Bharathiraja et al, 2014), but the use of biodiesel has a potential environmental impact. Global dependence on fossil fuels has resulted in emissions that contribute to global warming (Höök & Tang, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodiesel from Three Microalgae Transesterification Processes using Different Homogenous Catalysts

Cercado¹,

Ballesteros²,

Capareda³

2018

IJTech

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Biodiesel was produced using three different alkali catalysts, namely KOH, NaOH and LiOH. The aim of the study was to determine which of these is the most effective as far as Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) yield is concerned in producing biodiesel from microalgae. Three different transesterification processes were considered; conventional, microwave-assisted and ultrasound-assisted. The study was able to show that NaOH and KOH generated far better FAME values compared to LiOH in all three transesterification processes. The introduction of microwave or ultrasound in the transesterification slightly increased the FAME yield by 5% and cut the reaction time by 50%. The best FAME yield was attained when the optimum process parameters were a methanol to oil ratio of 12:1; a catalyst load of 2% for NaOH and 3% for KOH; a reaction time of 12 minutes; and a microwave output power rate of 600 watts.

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“…However, there are some problems such as lower miscibility with oil, denaturation of enzymes, and the overproduction of glycerol [10,33]. In particular, the glycerol byproduct needs to be separated because it cannot be directly added to fuels due to its higher viscosity, instability at high temperature, and lower solubility in hydrocarbons [5].…”

Section: Dmc-mediated Process For Biodiesel Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmentally-Benign Dimethyl Carbonate-Mediated Production of Chemicals and Biofuels from Renewable Bio-Oil

Kim

Lee

2017

Energies

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Due to the increasing emission of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), the development of fuels and chemicals based on renewable resources has attracted much attention. Bio-oil, as a carbon rich material, has been considered as a feedstock for biodiesel production. In conventional methanol-mediated transesterification of bio-oil for biodiesel production, significant amounts of glycerol are being generated as a byproduct. In order to overcome these issues, dimethyl carbonate (DMC) has been recently used as an alternative acyl acceptor to avoid the generation of glycerol. DMC is an environmentally-benign chemical reagent and reactive solvent due to safety, health, and environmental benefits. Moreover, DMC can be produced from CO 2 . Co-production of biodiesel and chemicals such as glycerol carbonate is possible as the concept of zero-waste utilization of bio-oil. Value-added chemicals can be synthesized using DMC as a reagent. This paper provides a review on the physical and chemical properties of DMC as a solvent, as well as the production methods for DMC. DMC-mediated production of various chemicals and fuels in both chemical and enzymatic processes are discussed together with their pros and cons.

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Biodiesel production using chemical and biological methods – A review of process, catalyst, acyl acceptor, source and process variables

Cited by 131 publications

References 128 publications

FTIR Analysis for Quantification of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters in Biodiesel Produced by Microwave-Assisted Transesterification

FTIR Analysis for Quantification of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters in Biodiesel Produced by Microwave-Assisted Transesterification

Biodiesel from Three Microalgae Transesterification Processes using Different Homogenous Catalysts

Environmentally-Benign Dimethyl Carbonate-Mediated Production of Chemicals and Biofuels from Renewable Bio-Oil

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