Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using biochar derived from chicken manure as a porous media and catalyst

Entrapping Immobilisation of Lipase on Biocomposite Hydrogels toward for Biodiesel Production from Waste Frying Acid Oil

“…The results show that the produced biodiesel mainly contains oleic acid methyl ester (31.52%), palmitoleic acid methyl ester (29.43%), stearic acid methyl ester (26.95%) and other components as shown in Figure 9. The results obtained were in line with previous studies [48,49], which reported that biodiesel from WFO was mainly composed of stearic-, oleic-, palmitic-and palmitoleic acids. The results also revealed that the proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids found in biodiesel was higher than the proportion of saturated fatty acids.…”

Valorization of disposable COVID-19 mask through the thermo-chemical process

“…The repeating units of PP, PE, and nylon are propylene, ethylene, and long-chain amides, respectively. Therefore, it is estimated that volatile fraction of these plastics is indeed higher than that of lignocellulosic biomass [46] , [47] because the plastics did not produce a char at 600 ˚C as demonstrated in the TGA study ( Fig. 3 ).…”

Techno-spatial assessment of waste cooking oil for biodiesel production in Pakistan

“…The total potential of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil assuming collection of just the 20% of waste cooking oil and a mere 66.25% oil conversion ratio is 468,842 tonnes per year of biodiesel with the highest share for it coming from Punjab at 249,260 tonnes per year of biodiesel from cooking oil. In case the results from the authors who reported the diesel extraction from the waste cooking oil to be 90% [38][39][40] were to be taken into account, the total potential offered by the country with the same 20% of residual cooking oil recover would soar up to 636,918 tonnes per year of biodiesel from waste cooking oil with the contribution from Punjab soaring up to 338,617 tonnes per year of biodiesel. Some of the recommendations in order to bring about this resource being utilized for biodiesel production are as follows:…”

“…The biodiesel extraction potential from the cooking oil was taken to be a rather conservative 66.25% than the optimistic 90% and above as reported by some authors [38][39][40] reported as an average from different types of waste cooking oils by a study [53] to keep the estimates realistic. The same metric was applied to each of the district's population to see the high potential districts across the provinces and across the country.…”

“…Nature of the resource calls upon an inter-disciplinary pool of scientists to carry out the process optimization therefore some very comprehensive approaches and studies to optimize biodiesel production have recently been carried out [36,37]. Use of different catalysts has been studied to improve the process to an extent that the FAME yields of over 90% have also been reported using different catalysts and conditions [38][39][40] The use of homogenous, heterogeneous, nanocatalysts has been studied but overall the performance of the process when catalyzed by alkali, alkoxides, hydroxides and alkaline metal oxides has been reported to be the most effective and if we compare the acid-base catalysts, the acid based catalysts have been found to be performing better under the higher alcohol to oil molar ratio exposure at moderate pressure and temperature [41,42]. Various studies have also been performed analyzing the properties of the produced biodiesel as a fuel in conventional internal combustion engines and the fuel has been reported to be very competitive in the fossil fuel dominated liquid fuel arena, used both in the form of blends and independently [43][44][45][46].…”