Biodiesel production from microalgae Spirulina maxima by two step process: Optimization of process variable

Abstract

Biodiesel from green energy source is gaining tremendous attention for ecofriendly and economically aspect. In this investigation, a two-step process was developed for the production of biodiesel from microalgae Spirulina maxima and determined best operating conditions for the steps. In the first stage, acid esterification was conducted to lessen acid value (AV) from 10.66 to 0.51 mgKOH/g of the feedstock and optimal conditions for maximum esterified oil yielding were found at molar ratio 12:1, temperature 60 C, 1% (wt%) H 2 SO 4 , and mixing intensity 400 rpm for a reaction time of 90 min. The second stage alkali transesterification was carried out for maximum biodiesel yielding (86.1%) and optimal conditions were found at molar ratio 9:1, temperature 65 C, mixing intensity 600 rpm, catalyst concentration 0.75% (wt%) KOH for a reaction time of 20 min. Biodiesel were analyzed according to ASTM standards and results were within standards limit. Results will helpful to produce third generation algal biodiesel from microalgae Spirulina maxima in an efficient manner.

Synthesis, characterization, and optimization of Schizochytrium biodiesel production using Na+‐doped nanohydroxyapatite

“…But the FFA of SCO was found 4.9 mg KOH/g of SCO (acid value: 9.8 mg KOH/g of SCO). Conferring to the previous literature review, high FFA (>1 mg KOH of oil) should undergo two‐stage process, namely, esterification (pretreatment) and transesterification for the production of biodiesel production …”

“…The absorption bands around 565 and 1045 cm −1 were assigned to the symmetrical vibrations of P─O phosphate group . The stretching vibration bands observed at 3570 and 3681 cm −1 confirm the presence of OH group . Uncalcined catalyst shows the carbonated bands at 1642 and 870 cm −1 .…”

“…34,35 The stretching vibration bands observed at 3570 and 3681 cm −1 confirm the presence of OH group. 32,33 Uncalcined catalyst shows the carbonated bands at 1642 and 870 cm −1 . The amide group in uncalcined catalyst was confirmed in the absorption band at 1530 cm −1 and which was not observed in the calcined catalyst.…”

“…Conferring to the previous literature review, high FFA (>1 mg KOH of oil) should undergo two-stage process, namely, esterification (pretreatment) and transesterification for the production of biodiesel production. 32 For esterification, three-neck reactor equipped with the K-type thermocouple at left neck and reflex condenser is fixed at right neck. The stirrer rod fixed in stirrer motor is passed in the middle neck.…”

An Experimental Assessment on the Impact of Injection Pressure on the Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Powered with the Blend of Diesel and Microalgae Biodiesel

“…M.A. Rahman et al [10] produced biodiesel from microalgae spirulina maxima by employing two step esterification processes. Ayhan Demibras et al [11] stated that, microalgae are the fastest growing plants in the world.…”