Synthesis, characterization, and optimization of Schizochytrium biodiesel production using Na+‐doped nanohydroxyapatite

Abstract

Summary The present work investigates the synthesis of a new and highly efficient sodium‐doped nanohydroxyapatite, as a heterogeneous catalyst for the production of fatty acid methyl esters from Schizochytrium algae oil. Sodium nitrate supported on nanohydroxyapatite catalyst was prepared using wet impregnation technique and calcinated at different temperatures. The synthesized nanocatalyst was characterized to determine the structural and morphological properties, using BET, XRD, TGA, FTIR, ICP, and TEM. Characterization results reported that the catalyst calcinated at 900°C exhibits good catalytic property. The catalyst was utilized for the production of biodiesel, under different reaction parameters through transesterification process. Response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) were employed to evaluate the best combination of molar ratio, catalyst concentration, and reaction time for transesterification process. By using point prediction method, the optimum yield of 96% was achieved at the catalyst concentration of 9.5 wt% of oil, 1:12 molar ratio, and 121‐minute reaction time. The physiochemical properties of the biodiesel were determined, and the result suggested that the biodiesel produced met ASTM D6751 standard. The catalyst exhibits good catalytic performance on reusability up to six runs without the loss of molecular activity. Therefore, the synthesized heterogeneous catalyst derived from animal bone could be efficiently used for the biodiesel production.

Optimization of ethanolic transesterification ultrasound‐assisted from oil mixtures utilizing Box‐Behnken design

“…It was observed that the CC variable obtained greater influence in the mass yield, under working conditions, followed by the castor oil:peanut oil ratio (OM), CC (linear) by AO (linear) and the alcohol:oil ratio (AO). Similar behavior was observed by Kolthaman and Varadappan when working with heterogeneous catalysis, via methyl methane from Schizochytrium algae oil using BBD, indicating significant influence of catalyst.…”

“…It was observed that the CC variable obtained greater influence in the mass yield, under working conditions, followed by the castor oil:peanut oil ratio (OM), CC (linear) by AO (linear) and the alcohol:oil ratio (AO). Similar behavior was observed by Kolthaman and Varadappan 25 when working with heterogeneous catalysis, via methyl methane from Schizochytrium algae oil using BBD, indicating significant influence of catalyst. Karmakar et al 26 when working with basic catalysis via methylation in the biodiesel synthesis of castor beans, using Taguchi design observed that the factor that most influenced the synthesis was the alcohol:oil ratio, and the lowest influence was observed by the catalyst.…”

“…The biodiesel yield, the response variable, was calculated using the following equation: where m biodiesel is the mass of final biodiesel (g) and m oil is the used mass of mixture of castor and peanut oils.…”

Microwave‐mediated noncatalytic synthesis of ethyl levulinate: A green process for fuel additive production

“…The fossil fuels depletion and global pollution have led to a tremendous demand for renewable energy. Biodiesel, a biomass‐derived fuel, has been synthesized worldwide to replace petroleum because of its benefits, which include biodegradability, renewability, and low emissions of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons, and particulate matter . Among biofuel sources, ethyl levulinate has received considerable attention because it can be blended with petrodiesel and can be used as an oxygenate additive to biodiesel .…”

“…Biodiesel, a biomass-derived fuel, has been synthesized worldwide to replace petroleum because of its benefits, which include biodegradability, renewability, and low emissions of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons, and particulate matter. [1][2][3] Among biofuel sources, ethyl levulinate has received considerable attention because it can be blended with petrodiesel and can be used as an oxygenate additive to biodiesel. 4 In addition, ethyl levulinate is produced from levulinic acid, which is a chemical derived from lignocellulose biomass 5,6 and thus is a means of producing biofuel from renewable sources.…”