Biodiesel from palm oil via loading KF/Ca–Al hydrotalcite catalyst

Gao, Lijing; Teng, Guangyuan; Xiao, Guomin; Wei, Ruiping

doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.03.023

Cited by 136 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…A lot of supports have been introduced for increasing the basicity of KF such as KF/ZnO, KF/Ca-Mg-Al, KF/ CaO-Fe 3 O 4 , KF/celite, KF/zeolite, and KF/LDH mainly applied for organic production. Although, a majority of the abovementioned solid bases are effective in organic transformations, they suffer from some drawbacks such as low basicity, use of expensive solid supports and tedious preparation steps [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] . Montmorillonite (MMT) clay having two silica tetrahedral sheets layered between one alumina octahedral sheets.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potassium Fluoride/ K10-montmorillonite Nanostructure as a Green and Reusable Catalyst Under mild Reaction Conditions for the Knovenagel Condensation

Ghanei¹,

Khalilzadeh²,

Hashemi³

2016

Orient. J. Chem

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Potassium fluoride (KF)/montmorillonite (K10-MMT) nanostructure acts as an active heterogeneous base catalyst for Knovenagel condensation. Here we have described the catalytic activities of KF/K10 nanostructure in the condensation reaction of various substituted benzaldehydes with active methylene compound malononitrile under mild condition. The experimental results showed that the KF/K10 had high catalytic activity and it can be recycled without significant loss of activity. This practical and eco-friendly protocol provides a facile way to C-C bond formation under mild conditions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potassium Fluoride/ K10-montmorillonite Nanostructure as a Green and Reusable Catalyst Under mild Reaction Conditions for the Knovenagel Condensation

Ghanei¹,

Khalilzadeh²,

Hashemi³

2016

Orient. J. Chem

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“…Many studies are cited in literature: CaO/MgO [11] [12], CaO/CeO [13], CaO/ ZnO [11] [14] [15], CaO/ZrO 2 [16] [17], MgO/SrO [9], CaO/aluminate [18], CaO/silicate [19] [20], Mg/Al oxides [18] [24], CaO/activated charcoal [25], CaO-KF [26] [27] [28] [29], MgO/KOH [30], Ti/MgO [31], MgO/chitosan [32], and CaO/zeolite [33].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Deactivation Processes, Regeneration Conditions and Reusability Performance of CaO or MgO Based Catalysts Used for Biodiesel Production—A Review

Oueda¹,

Bonzi-Coulibaly²,

Ouédraogo³

2017

MSA

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The activity of a catalyst in transestrification reaction usually declines with repeated uses and this limits the possibility to use it many times. This paper presents a review of various techniques used to evaluate the activity changes, the recycling processes for calcium and magnesium oxides based heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production. The activity of calcium and magnesium oxides based catalysts declines due to leaching, surface or active sites poisoning by reactant or product molecules and modification of physical aspects. Physico-chemical methods (AAS, BET, CO 2 -TPD, EDS, FTIR, ICP-AES, SEM, TG/DTA and XRD) were used to check the catalyst modification and to confirm the deactivation. When separated from the reaction mixture by filtration, the catalyst could be reused without any treatment or recycled by washing, drying or/and recalcination. Between various recycling processes for calcium and magnesium oxides based catalysts, mixed oxides showed less leaching and performed FAME or FAEE yield >90% with reusability.

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“…In addition, the average elemental composition of clay (Table 2) tested that the ratio Si/Al is about 2.62 characteristic to MT-KSF. The EDS analysis indicates that the MT-KSF presents high percentages of oxygen, silicon, aluminum, and sulfur in the clay, contributing to the formation of Al-O-Si, Al-O-H, and S-OH, Si-O-H chemical bonds that constitute the skeleton of the clays [28][29][30]. The presence of these chemical bonds was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy analysis.…”

Section: Characterization Of Mt-ksf Catalystmentioning

confidence: 71%

Esterification Optimization of Crude African Palm Olein Using Response Surface Methodology and Heterogeneous Acid Catalysis

et al. 2018

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Abstract:In this work, the effect of zeolite montmorillonite KSF in the esterification of free fatty acids (FFAs) of crude African palm olein (Eleaias guinnesis Jacq) was studied. To optimize the esterification of FFAs of the crude African palm olein (CAPO), the response surface methodology (RSM) that was based on a central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was used. The effects of three parameters were investigated: (a) catalyst loading (2.6-9.4 wt %), (b) reaction temperature (133.2-166.2 • C), and (c) reaction time (0.32-3.68 h). The Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that linear terms of catalyst loading (X 1 ), reaction temperature (X 2 ), the quadratic term of catalyst loading (X 2 1 ), temperature reaction (X 2 2 ), reaction time (X 2 3 ), the interaction catalyst loading with reaction time (X * 1 X 3 ), and the interaction reaction temperature with reaction time (X * 2 X 3 ) have a significant effect (p < 0.05 with a 95% confidence level) on Fatty Methyl Ester (FAME) yield. The result indicated that the optimum reaction conditions to esterification of FFAs were: catalyst loading 9.4 wt %, reaction temperature 155.5 • C, and 3.3 h for reaction time, respectively. Under these conditions, the numerical estimation of FAME yield was 91.81 wt %. This result was experimentally validated obtaining a difference of 1.7% FAME yield, with respect to simulated values.

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Biodiesel from palm oil via loading KF/Ca–Al hydrotalcite catalyst

Cited by 136 publications

References 29 publications

Potassium Fluoride/ K10-montmorillonite Nanostructure as a Green and Reusable Catalyst Under mild Reaction Conditions for the Knovenagel Condensation

Potassium Fluoride/ K10-montmorillonite Nanostructure as a Green and Reusable Catalyst Under mild Reaction Conditions for the Knovenagel Condensation

Deactivation Processes, Regeneration Conditions and Reusability Performance of CaO or MgO Based Catalysts Used for Biodiesel Production—A Review

Esterification Optimization of Crude African Palm Olein Using Response Surface Methodology and Heterogeneous Acid Catalysis

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