Biodegradation of 3,4,4′-trichlorocarbanilide, TCC®, in sewage and activated sludge

Gledhill, William E.

doi:10.1016/0043-1354(75)90171-2

Cited by 57 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…These results were further supported in vivo by the increased weight of the accessory sex organs of male castrated rats, treated with testosterone and TCC [40]. The above data are of particular concern because chemicals like TCC are used in detergents and personal care products as antibacterial or antifungal agents [41].…”

Section: Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals Interacting With Androgen Recmentioning

confidence: 85%

WITHDRAWN: The potential contribution of endocrine disrupting chemicals to acne

2015

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Section: Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals Interacting With Androgen Recmentioning

confidence: 85%

WITHDRAWN: The potential contribution of endocrine disrupting chemicals to acne

2015

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“…Use of a mixed-mode copolymeric solid-phase extraction resin for sample preparation ensures that the described analytical method is readily extendable to include additional pharmaceuticals and personal care products as well as caffeine and other markers of sewage contamination. Considering the significant persistence of TCC in wastewater (4) and the chemical's widespread use at rates approaching one million pounds per year in the U.S. alone (1), further studies are needed to both determine the fate and behavior of TCC in the environment and to elucidate potential human health and ecological risks associated with the environmental occurrence of this persistent polychlorinated phenyl urea compound. …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Triclocarban in Aquatic Samples by Liquid Chromatography Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Halden

Paull

2004

Environ. Sci. Technol.

104

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Triclocarban, N-(4-chlorophenyl)-N'-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea, is a polychlorinated phenyl urea pesticide, marketed under the trademark TCC and used primarily as an antibacterial additive in personal care products. Despite its extensive use over several decades, environmental occurrence data on TCC are scarce. This is due in part to a lack of analytical techniques offering the desired sensitivity, selectivity, affordability, and ease of use. This need is addressed here by introducing a liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC/ESI/MS) method allowing for the determination of TCC concentrations in aquatic environments at the ng/L level. TCC was concentrated from aqueous samples by solid-phase extraction, separated from interferences on a C18 column by either isocratic or gradient elution, and detected and identified in negative ESI mode by selectively monitoring the (M - H)- base peak (m/z 313) and its 37Cl-containing isotopes (m/z 315, 317) that served as reference ions. Particulates contained in aquatic samples were extracted and analyzed separately. Accurate quantification was achieved using stable isotopes of TCC and triclosan as internal standards. Addition of 10 mM acetic acid to the mobile phase yielded acetic acid adducts ([M - H + 60]-) that were successfully exploited to boost method sensitivity and selectivity, especially when analyzing challenging environmental matrixes. Method detection limits were matrix dependent, ranging from 3 to 50 ng/L. In 36 grab samples obtained from the Greater Baltimore area, TCC was detected in river water and wastewater at concentrations of up to 5600 and 6750 ng/L, respectively. Raw and finished drinking water did not contain detectable quantities of the pesticide (<3 ng/L). In conclusion, the new LC/ESI/MS method was applied successfully to collect environmental occurrence data on TCC in U.S. water resources. Study results suggest that the bacteriostat and pesticide is a frequent but currently underreported contaminant whose environmental fate and behavior deserve further scrutiny.

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“…Triclosan added to activated sludge was converted to a series of products indicating that it was subject to methylation, sulfation, hydroxylation and ether cleavage reactions (Chen et al, 2015). Activated sludge contains microorganisms that mineralized TCC radiolabeled in either ring (Gledhill, 1975). Carbamazepine was removed very slowly by nitrifying enrichment cultures (Dawas-Massalha et al, 2014), but was completely stable in nitrifying activated sludge (Kruglova et al, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%