Biodegradable polymers: an update on drug delivery in bone and cartilage diseases

Abstract

Introduction: The unique structure of bone and cartilage makes the systemic delivery of free drugs to those connective tissues very challenging. Consequently, effective and targeted delivery for bone and cartilage is of utmost importance. Engineered biodegradable polymers enable designing carriers for a targeted and temporal controlled release of one or more drugs in concentrations within the therapeutic range. Also, tissue engineering strategies can allow drug delivery to advantageously promote the in situ tissue repair. Areas covered: This review article highlights various drug delivery systems (DDS) based on biodegradable biomaterials to treat bone and/or cartilage diseases. We will review their applications in osteoporosis, inflammatory arthritis (namely osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis), cancer and bone and cartilage tissue engineering. Expert opinion: The increased knowledge about biomaterials science and of the pathophysiology of diseases, biomarkers, and targets as well as the development of innovative tools has led to the design of high value-added DDS. However, some challenges persist and are mainly related to an appropriate residence time and a controlled and sustained release over a prolonged period of time of the therapeutic agents. Additionally, the poor prediction value of some preclinical animal models hinders the translation of many formulations into the clinical practice.

Scaffold-Based Gene Therapeutics for Osteochondral Tissue Engineering

“…Common types of bone calcium scaffolds are hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate, biphasic calcium phosphate, and multiphase bioglass. By changing the composition of Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 ceramics, the stability and mechanical properties of the materials can be modified (Lima et al, 2019).…”

Adjuvant Drug-Assisted Bone Healing: Advances and Challenges in Drug Delivery Approaches

“…Therefore, liposomal or micellar surfaces are decorated with several bone-targeting moieties. For instance, bisphosphonates and peptides made out of negatively charged amino acids are able to bind to bone matrix component hydroxyapatite [18,23,[158][159][160][161].…”

“…The following review examines carrier systems and dual delivery systems for release of targeted adjuvant therapies to enhance bone regeneration using inflammation-modulatory agents, pro-angiogenic agents, and metabolism-modulatory compounds (Table 1). To ensure optimal bone fracture treatment, the administered dose, as well as chemical properties of the incorporated drugs and release mechanisms, have to be taken into account when fabricating and establishing drug delivery systems [18,19]. In the following sections, several aspects regarding composition and formulations of drug carrier, and drug release kinetics due to diffusion, scaffold degradation, or triggered release will be highlighted.…”

Chitosan biopolymer based nanocomposite hydrogels for removal of methylene blue dye

“…However, it has some disadvantages for industrial applications [3], wastewater technologies, such as the too soft structure, which creates problems [17][18][19], its high solubility in the organic solvent, high swelling percent in water, low mechanical strength, and low surface area [20]. Many studies have been applied to improve CS properties and efficiency [21][22][23]. The combination of inorganic [24] and polymeric materials [25] is a successful strategy for the improvement of the restricted properties and developing new properties by introducing new functional groups that can be enhancing the ability of dye-binding [26][27][28].…”