Biodegradable Biopolymeric Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications-Challenges and Future Outlook

Abstract

Biopolymers are polymers obtained from either renewable or non-renewable sources and are the most suitable candidate for tailor-made nanoparticles owing to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, low toxicity and immunogenicity. Biopolymeric nanoparticles (BPn) can be classified as natural (polysaccharide and protein based) and synthetic on the basis of their origin. They have been gaining wide interest in biomedical applications such as tissue engineering, drug delivery, imaging and cancer therapy. BPn can be synthesized by various fabrication strategies such as emulsification, ionic gelation, nanoprecipitation, electrospray drying and so on. The main aim of the review is to understand the use of nanoparticles obtained from biodegradable biopolymers for various biomedical applications. There are very few reviews highlighting biopolymeric nanoparticles employed for medical applications; this review is an attempt to explore the possibilities of using these materials for various biomedical applications. This review highlights protein based (albumin, gelatin, collagen, silk fibroin); polysaccharide based (chitosan, starch, alginate, dextran) and synthetic (Poly lactic acid, Poly vinyl alcohol, Poly caprolactone) BPn that has recently been used in many applications. The fabrication strategies of different BPn are also being highlighted. The future perspective and the challenges faced in employing biopolymeric nanoparticles are also reviewed.

Nanoparticles in Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment

“…Because of the unique physical and chemical characteristics of NPs, including their chemical composition, small size, vast surface area, and structure, all these applications are feasible and economical [14]. Applications of NPs may be advantageous in treating a number of diseases, including cancer [15]. Attractive potential for NP application includes diagnostics (nanoimaging), drug delivery systems (nanocarrier), and the medical use of NPs themselves [16][17][18].…”

Biodegradable Polymers in Biomedical Applications: A Review—Developments, Perspectives and Future Challenges

“…It is an essential structural component from the extracellular matrix (ECM) and accounts for one-third of all proteins in the body. It is found in structures such as skin, ligaments, cartilage and tendons [42,43]. Collagen is formed by fibrous proteins that consist of a large number of amino acids.…”

Advancing Era and Rising Concerns in Nanotechnology-Based Cancer Treatment

“…Since traditional cancer screening and treatment technologies have increased systemic toxicity and recalcitrance, novel approaches, including nanotechnology, are being used to enhance diagnosis and reduce disease severity. Over the past decade, fabricated nanoparticles (NPs) have been gradually embraced by the application of synthetic techniques allowing for the production of multifunctional intricate substances with a plethora of applications in medicine . The application of nanoparticles as drug delivery agents is made possible because of their ability to exhibit controlled drug release.…”