Biodegradable and Electroactive Regenerated Bacterial Cellulose/MXene (Ti₃C₂T_x) Composite Hydrogel as Wound Dressing for Accelerating Skin Wound Healing under Electrical Stimulation

Abstract

Traditional wound dressings mainly participate in the passive healing processes and are rarely engaged in active wound healing by stimulating skin cell behaviors. Electrical stimulation (ES) has been known to regulate skin cell behaviors. Herein, a series of multifunctional hydrogels based on regenerated bacterial cellulose (rBC) and MXene (Ti 3 C 2 T x) are first developed that can electrically modulate cell behaviors for active skin wound healing under external ES. The composite hydrogel with 2 wt% MXene (rBC/MXene-2%) exhibits the highest electrical conductivity and the best biocompatibility. Meanwhile, the rBC/MXene-2% hydrogel presents desired mechanical properties, favorable flexibility, good biodegradability, and high water-uptake capacity. An in vivo study using a rat full-thickness defect model reveals that this rBC/MXene hydrogel exhibits a better therapeutic effect than the commercial Tegaderm film. More importantly, in vitro and in vivo data demonstrate that coupling with ES, the hydrogel can significantly enhance the proliferation activity of NIH3T3 cells and accelerate the wound healing process, as compared to non-ES controls. This study suggests that the biodegradable and electroactive rBC/MXene hydrogel is an appealing candidate as a wound dressing for skin wound healing, while also providing an effective synergistic therapeutic strategy for accelerating wound repair process through coupling ES with the hydrogel dressing.

In Situ Synthesized Selenium Nanoparticles‐Decorated Bacterial Cellulose/Gelatin Hydrogel with Enhanced Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Anti‐Inflammatory Capabilities for Facilitating Skin Wound Healing

“…[30] Further, the hemocompatibility of the hydrogels was evaluated by a hemolysis assay, and a hemolysis ratio (HR) below 5% is considered permissible for biomaterials. [45] As shown in Figure 4C, the HR value of all hydrogels were below 2%, indicating the favorable hemocompatibility of these hydrogels.…”

“…The hemocompatibility of hydrogels was investigated by a hemolysis assay. [45] The specific protocols are described in the Supporting Information…”

MXenes and MXene-based materials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: recent advances

“…Synergistic therapeutic strategies for improving the wound repair procedures by coupling electrical stimulation with the hydrogel dressing have been investigated. 73 Multifunctional hydrogels based on regenerated bacterial cellulose and Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene were designed and commissioned for electrical modulation of the cell behaviors for active skin wound healing under external electrical stimulation. 73 Consequently, the prepared hydrogels with 2 wt% MXene exhibited the highest electrical conductivity and the safest biocompatibility.…”

“…73 Multifunctional hydrogels based on regenerated bacterial cellulose and Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene were designed and commissioned for electrical modulation of the cell behaviors for active skin wound healing under external electrical stimulation. 73 Consequently, the prepared hydrogels with 2 wt% MXene exhibited the highest electrical conductivity and the safest biocompatibility. Furthermore, these hydrogels exhibited suitable mechanical features, promising flexibility, high biodegradability, and considerable water-uptake capacity.…”

“…After in vivo evaluation by using a rat full-thickness defect model, it has been noticed that these hydrogels display better therapeutic effects than the commercial Tegaderm film; in vitro and in vivo results showed that under electrical stimulation, the designed composites could remarkably improve the proliferation activity of NIH3T3 cells, and also enhance the wound healing procedure, as compared to non-electrical stimulation controls. 73 by S-nitrosothiol-grafted mesoporous silica with 3D-printing bioactive glass scaffolds. 74 Accordingly, the NIR-triggered photonic hyperthermia of MXene in the bio-window (NIR-II) and precisely regulated nitric oxide release could be synchronized for multi-target removal of bone tumors to improve confined osteosarcoma treatment.…”