Biodegradability Evaluation of Hydroxyethylcellulose-based Microcapsules by 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Kim, Jiwon; Thi, Uyen; Kim, Joo Won; Jo, Donghyuk; Luu, Quy Son; Jung, Jihye; Lee, Youngbok

doi:10.1016/j.jiec.2020.12.001

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Similarly, microcapsules with a-Ch based shell may occur with microplastics, which are then non-fully biodegradable. Accordingly, there have been increasing regulations on restricting the use of synthetic solid polymers and/or environment polluting microplastic residues in the microcapsule shells [ 23 ]. Alongside, there is a growing demand from end-use consumers for genuinely plant-based ingredients to tackle the risk associated with animal sources (e.g., protopathic diseases), and to meet their personal and religious beliefs [ 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microplastic-Free Microcapsules to Encapsulate Health-Promoting Limonene Oil

Baiocco

Zhang

2022

Molecules

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Fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) industry has long included many appealing essential oils in products to meet consumers’ needs. Among all, the demand for limonene (LM) has recently surged due to its broad-spectrum health benefits, with applications in cosmetic, detergent, and food products. However, LM is extremely volatile, hence has often been encapsulated for a longer shelf-life. To date, mostly non-biodegradable synthetic polymers have been exploited to fabricate the microcapsule shells, and the resulting microcapsules contribute to the accumulation of microplastic in the environment. So far, information on LM-entrapping microcapsules with a natural microplastic-free shell and their mechanism of formation is limited, and there is lack of an in-depth characterisation of their mechanical and adhesive properties, which are crucial for understanding their potential performance at end-use applications. The present research aims towards developing safe microcapsules with a core of LM fabricated via complex coacervation (CC) using gum Arabic (GA) and fungally sourced chitosan (fCh) as shell precursors. The encapsulation efficiency (EE) for LM was quantified by gas chromatography (GC) separation method. The morphology of microcapsules was investigated via bright-field optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, and their mechanical properties were characterised using a micromanipulation technique. Moreover, the adhesive properties of the resulting microcapsules were studied via a bespoke microfluidic device fitted with a polyethylene-terephthalate (PET) substrate and operating at increasingly hydrodynamic shear stress (HSS). Spherical core-shell microcapsules (EE ~45%) with a mean size of 38 ± 2 μm and a relatively smooth surface were obtained. Their mean rupture force and nominal rupture stress were 0.9 ± 0.1 mN and 2.1 ± 0.2 MPa, respectively, which are comparable to those of other microcapsules with synthetic shells, e.g., urea- and melamine-formaldehyde. It was also found that the fCh-GA complexed shell provided promising adhesive properties onto PET films, leading to a microcapsule retention of ~85% and ~60% at low (≤ 50 mPa) and high shear stress (0.9 Pa), respectively. Interestingly, these values are similar to the adhesion data available in literature for microplastic-based microcapsules, such as melamine-formaldehyde (50%–90%). Overall, these findings suggest that microplastics-free microcapsules with a core of oil have been successfully fabricated, and can offer a potential for more sustainable, consumer- and environmentally friendly applications in FMCGs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microplastic-Free Microcapsules to Encapsulate Health-Promoting Limonene Oil

Baiocco

Zhang

2022

Molecules

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“…Biodegradation testing of synthesized microcapsules using standard OECD test methods has the disadvantages of long test duration (up to 60 days) and high cost. Thus, methods to prescreen biodegradable features of the microcapsules at a laboratory level have recently been used, such as 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (Kim et al, 2021). Xiao et al (2018) have explored an organic solvent‐free interfacial polymerization process to obtain biodegradable microcapsules.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fragrance Encapsulates: Effect of Polymeric Shell Purification Method on the Accuracy of Biodegradability Testing

Karagianni,

Kuntzmann‐Dembele,

Bocokic

et al. 2024

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Fragrance encapsulates are widely used in consumer care applications such as fabric softeners or other liquid laundry products; they provide multiple benefits, from fragrance protection in the commercial product to a controlled release and improved sensorial experience for the consumers. Polymeric fragrance encapsulates are in the scope of the EU regulation restricting the use of intentionally added microplastic particles, and industry is actively working on innovation programs to find biodegradable alternatives. However, particular attention needs to be paid to claims that a fragrance encapsulation system is biodegradable, because biodegradation test results can vary considerably depending on how a test material is prepared, which can even lead to false‐positive biodegradation test results, as shown in our study. We demonstrate the importance of the sample preparation phase of the process. We show how the biodegradation level can fluctuate from 0% to 91%, depending on how the test material is isolated from a given microcapsule slurry system, and we present a method that can be used to obtain trustworthy biodegradation results. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;00:1–8. © 2024 Givaudan France SAS. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.

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