Biocompatible Carbon-Based Coating as Potential Endovascular Material for Stent Surface

Abstract

Stainless steel 316L is a material commonly used in cardiovascular medicine. Despite the various methods applied in stent production, the rates of in-stent restenosis and thrombosis remain high. In this study graphene was used to coat the surface of 316L substrate for enhanced bio- and hemocompatibility of the substrate. The presence of graphene layers applied to the substrate was investigated using cutting-edge imaging technology: energy-filtered low-voltage FE-SEM approach, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The potential of G-316L surface to influence endothelial cells phenotype and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) has been determined. Our results show that the bio- and hemocompatible properties of graphene coatings along with known radial force of 316L make G-316L a promising candidate for intracoronary implants.

Graphene Oxide Carboxymethylcellulose Nanocomposite for Dressing Materials

“…Graphene is a single layer of sp 2 hybridized carbon atoms creating a hexagonal lattice, and possessing unique properties, i.e., high specific surface area (~2630 m 2 /g), high electron mobility [11,12], thermal conductivity of between 2-5 kW•(m•K) −1 , [13,14] and the highest known Young modulus (~1 TPa) [15,16]. Moreover, several studies showed that graphene exhibits some antibacterial properties [17][18][19][20]. Its antibacterial mechanism is due to both physical (direct contact of the sharp edge of graphene with bacterial membranes) and chemical (induction of the oxidative stress generated by charge transfer) perturbation.…”

Emerging Trends in Nanocarbon‐Based Cardiovascular Applications

“…Graphene coating to the stent surface significantly lowered the onset rates of in-stent restenosis and thrombosis. [179] The cardiovascular applications of nanocarbons essentially make them ideal materials for future generation medicine [180] and could be expanded to produce graphene or CNT based cardiovascular stent that can avoid adverse immune reactions of a metallic stent. With the introduction of 3D printing technology in regenerative tissue engineering, carbon nanomaterial-based bioresorbable stents seem to be a promising strategy that is yet to be explored.…”

“…Graphene coating to the stent surface significantly lowered the onset rates of in‐stent restenosis and thrombosis. [ 179 ]…”

Anti-Thrombogenicity Study of a Covalently-Attached Monolayer on Stent-Grade Stainless Steel

“…Graphene-coated stents have also been investigated for their anti-thrombogenic properties on stainless steel [ 30 , 31 , 32 ]. These coatings may show greater reduction in platelet adhesion compared to heparin-eluting stents, with some reducing adhesion by 80–90%, but these also show slightly elevated cytotoxicity compared to bare stents.…”