Deep learning (DL) application has demonstrated its enormous potential in accomplishing biomedical tasks, such as vessel segmentation, brain visualization, and speech recognition. This review article has mainly covered recent advances in the principles of DL algorithms, existing DL software, and designing strategies of DL models. Latest progresses in cardiovascular devices, especially DL-based cardiovascular stent used for angioplasty, differential and advanced diagnostic means, and the treatment outcomes involved with coronary artery disease (CAD), are discussed. Also presented is DL-based discovery of new materials and future medical technologies that will facilitate the development of tailored and personalized treatment strategies by identifying and forecasting individual impending risks of cardiovascular diseases.

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This review aims to review the biomedical applications of nanocarbons to various cardiovascular devices including implantable scaffolds, patches, and stents against coronary artery diseases (CAD). The clinical applications of nanocarbons in cardiac tissue engineering, cardiomyocyte supporting implants, biosensors for cardiovascular biomarkers, bioimaging and monitoring of pathological conditions of CAD are addressed. In addition, the current challenges in minimizing the toxicity of nanocarbon materials and alleviating techniques are discussed from a clinical perspective. A novel fabrication approach for nanocarbons in cell-laden cardiovascular stents is a promising regenerative means for the treatment of damaged infarction in CAD.

This study aims to evaluate the biocompatibility of the 3D‐printed stent and its efficiency on reducing the oxidized‐low‐density lipoprotein (ox‐LDL) damage in endothelial cells using the zebrafish embryos model. The human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) significantly (p‐value <0.001) lose their viability upon exposure to ox‐LDL treatment (100 µg/ml). An exposure of HUVECs to resveratrol (RSL)‐unloaded 3D stent slightly lowers the cell viability as compared with untreated control group. On the contrary, RSL‐loaded 3D stent exposure groups maintain initial cell viability. The amounts of TNF‐α and IL‐β released from zebrafish embryos (1.82 ± 0.75 and 1.87 ± 0.24) in the group treated with the RSL‐loaded 3D stents are significantly lower (p < 0.001) than those from the LPS alone treated group (8.13 ± 2.29 and 23.79 ± 3.82, respectively). It is found that RSL‐loaded 3D stent at a RSL dose of 1 mm shows no mortality during the developmental stages, but RSL‐loaded 3D stent at a dose of 2 mm shows a lowered survival rate (93.3 ± 3.3%), shorter length of larvae, pericardial and yolk sac edemas of 53.3 ± 23.3% and 3.3 ± 3.3%, respectively. The RSL‐loaded 3D stents efficiently downregulate the proinflammatory cytokines, and protect an organism against oxidative stress, while producing minimal developments defects in zebrafish embryos.