“…The adhesion of platelets is an indicator of surface hemocompatibility: the lower the platelet adhesion and their activation on the surface, the higher the material’s biocompatibility with blood . Hence, it is required that an ideal stent/implant material should primarily inhibit platelet adhesion and activation and also inhibit migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells, and improve the integrity and viability of the endothelial cell layer. , Several surface modification methods based on several types of coatings (organic and inorganic) have been recommended. These coatings alter the physicochemical properties of the surface such as roughness, morphology, surface chemistry, and wettability, which affect interaction with the biological environment. − The surface modification via nanostructuring can be achieved using various methodologies, for instance, electrospinning, , electrochemical anodization, − sandblasting, , nonthermal plasma treatment, and hydrothermal treatment. ,, Titanium and its alloys are commonly used in cardiovascular applications such as stents and artificial heart valves due to their biocompatibility, lightweight, nonmagnetic, and excellent corrosion resistance , properties.…”