Biochemical Mechanisms of Pollutant Stress

Heath, Robert L.

doi:10.1007/978-94-009-1367-7_12

Cited by 71 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 98 publications

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“…with biogenic hydrocarbons) and liquid phase (i.e. aqueous matrix of the cell wall) yield a suite of potentially damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS) which, in sufficient concentrations, can breach the extracellular defence systems and cause oxidative damage to the plasmalemma, resulting, ultimately, in cell death (Heath, 1987(Heath, , 1994Heath & Taylor, 1997). At the physiological level, the oxidative stress induced by O $ is reflected in a decline in the photosynthetic capacity of individual leaves (Pell, Eckardt & Glick, 1994 ;Farage & Long, 1995), increased rates of maintenance respiration (Amthor, 1988), relatively greater retention of fixed carbon in leaves (Balaguer et al, 1995) and accelerated rates of leaf senescence (Ting & Mukherjee, 1971 ;Nie, Tomasevic & Baker, 1993) resulting in reduced growth and productivity.…”

Section: mentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of plant age on ozone resistance in Plantago major

Lyons¹,

Barnes²

1998

New Phytologist

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$ on growth and reproductive performance confirmed the sensitivity of the population to the pollutant. In the absence of the development of typical visible symptoms of foliar damage, the total d. wt of plants maintained in O $ over a 56-d period was 35 % lower than that of control plants. However, the impact of the pollutant was found to decrease as plants aged. Plant relative growth rate (R E ) was only affected in seedlings, suggesting that effects of O $ on seedling growth were largely responsible for the decrease in accumulated biomass ; the growth rate of older plants was not affected by O $ . The observed shift in O $ resistance with plant age was mediated by both ' acclimation ' and ontogenetic changes. ' Acclimation ' was not associated with changes in O $ uptake, and there was some evidence to support the existence of compensatory growth responses. In addition to effects on vegetative growth, plants exhibited an O $ -induced decline in reproductive performance ; O $ reducing the number of flower spikes and seed capsules produced per plant. Ozone episodes administered at different stages of development indicated that reproductive development was particularly sensitive to O $ during the early stages of flowering.The findings of this study are discussed in relation to evolutionary adaptation to O $ in natural plant communities.The importance of plant age, prior exposure to the pollutant and the timing of O $ episodes in relation to plant developmental stage are highlighted.

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Section: mentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of plant age on ozone resistance in Plantago major

Lyons¹,

Barnes²

1998

New Phytologist

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“…The effects of ozone (O3) on plants range from the production of distinct foliar symptoms of injury, such as chlorosis or necrosis (Jacobson & Hill 1970), to less obvious changes in metabolism (Heath 1988), leading to reduced photosynthetic rates and ultimately to reduced growth and yield (for review, see Runeckles & Chevone 1992). Toxic oxyradicals such as the superoxide anion (OJ) have been …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

EPR evidence for superoxide anion formation in leaves during exposure to low levels of ozone

Runeckles

Vaartnou

1997

Plant Cell & Environment

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Although the superoxide anion radical (OJ) has heen implicated in the phytotoxiclty of ozone, (O3), its role has been inferred from indirect evidence based on the activity of oxyradical scavenging systems in the leaf, particularly superoxide dismutase (SOD). Direct observations of radical signals obtained by electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometry (EPR) of intact, attached leaves of bluegrass {Foa pratensis L.) and ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and leaf pieces of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) during exposure to 240 idg m~^ O3 in air flowing through the spectrometer cavity have revealed the appearance of a signal with the characteristics of OJ. The exposures used were insufficient to cause any necrotic injury to the leaves. The appearance of the signal is light-dependent, suggesting that it originates in the chloroplast, and its appearance is reduced in leaves in which the apoplastic pool of ascorbic acid has been enriched by prior vacuum infiltration. In each species, the signal only appeared after about 1 h of exposure to O3, and then increased steadily over the next 4 h. The lability of the species responsible for the signal is such that it can no longer be reliably detected about 15 min after cessation of the exposure to O3. These observations are interpreted as indicating that apoplastic ascorbate initially reduces the production of OJ, probably by reducing the penetration of O3 into the cell, with any OJ produced being scavenged by the chloroplastic SOD-peroxidase system, but its formation from O3 then begins to exceed the capacity of the scavenging systems to remove it.

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“…Growth responses to increased CO.^ may shuller, 1987). Ozone alters permeability of cell include increased branching, increased number of membranes, disrupts metabolism (Heath, 1987), nodes (Allen ei a/., 1988;Rogers ef a/., 1984), larger, decreases photosynthesis, changes photosynthate thicker, and heavier leaves (Thomas & Harvey, allocation, and suppresses growth and yield (Miller, 1983) and changed root:shoot ratios (Idso, Kimball 1987;Heagle, 1989). Ozone dose-yield response & Mauney, 1988).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of ozone and carbon dioxide mixtures on two clones of white clover

et al. 1993

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SUMMARYThe efTects of mixtures of ozone and carbon dioxide on growth and physiology of an Og-sensitive (NC-S) and an O^-resistant (NC-R) clone of white clover {Trifolium repens L.) were determined. The experiment was performed in a greenhouse with O3 treatments of 5 and 82 nl 1"' (ppb) for 6 h d"' and CO^ treatments of 380 (ambient), 490,600, and 710/<1F' (ppm) for 24 h d \ Enrichment with CO^ decreased foliar gas exchange (measured as stomatal resistance) of NC-R more than that of NC-S whereas O3 decreased gas exchange of NC-S more than that of NC-R. Ozone caused extensive foliar injury of NC-S but caused only slight injury of NC-R. CO^ enrichment suppressed Oj-induced foliar injury of NC-S as measured after 4 wk of exposure, but this effect diminished after 8 wk of exposure. CO^ enrichment decreased the relative chlorophyll content (//g of chlorophyll mg~* of leaf tissue sampled) but not the total chlorophyll (total chlorophyll in the leaves sampled). There were no O3 x COî nteractions for foliar chlorophyll. High concentrations of COj caused reddening of new leaves near the end of the 8 wk exposure period. COj enrichment decreased foliar concentrations of N, P, K, S, Cu, B, and Fe, increased foliar concentrations of Mn, but did not affect Zn, Ca, or Mg. Ozone exposure did not modify the CO^ effects on foliar nutrient concentration. Ozone decreased growth of NC-S but not NC-R while CO^ enrichment stimulated growth of both clones. The highest CO^ concentration appeared to decrease the efTects of O3 on growth of NC-S. However, except for a transitory effect on foliar injury, there was no evidence that CO.,, at concentrations less than the highest used in this study, will protect white clover from the effects of tropospheric O3.

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Biochemical Mechanisms of Pollutant Stress

Cited by 71 publications

References 98 publications

Influence of plant age on ozone resistance in Plantago major

Influence of plant age on ozone resistance in Plantago major

EPR evidence for superoxide anion formation in leaves during exposure to low levels of ozone

Effects of ozone and carbon dioxide mixtures on two clones of white clover

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