Biochemical indicators in trypanosomiasis infections

Akinseye, Olanrewaju Roland; Mustapha, Adelabu; Angela, Aziekwu N

doi:10.15406/japlr.2020.09.00346

Cited by 8 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…This consequently resulted in a pronounced drop in testosterone levels in IG, (negative correlation with the infection duration). Similar results were noted before in T. gambiense-infected human [21] , T. b. brucei and T. evansi-infected rams [22] , and T. evansiinfected camels [23] . On the other hand, cytokinesinduced pituitary inflammation, pyrexia, anorexia, and anemia, and the trypanosomal proteases may be other causes of GnRH depletion and hypothalamus-pituitarygonadal axis dysfunction.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Hormonal changes in Trypanosoma evansi-infected Rattus norvegicus: An approach to understand host-parasite interaction

Mohammed¹,

Darwish²,

Mohamed

2022

Parasitologists United Journal

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Background: Several studies were conducted on T. evansi infections in camels, but its pathogenesis is still mysterious especially in association with hormonal and infertility problems. Objective: The present research aimed to monitor the endocrine changes associated with T. evansi infection and its relation to immunity. Material and Methods: Twenty-four rats were used, four of them were considered the control group (CG), and the others were infected with T. evansi (IG). Blood samples were collected from CG at 0 day, while blood samples and testicular specimens were collected from IG on the 7 th , 14 th , 21 st , 28 th , and 35 th day (4 rats each time period). Cytokines, hormones, minerals, and electrolytes were measured, and the testicular specimens were sectioned, stained, and microscopically examined. Results: There was a significant increase in the pro-inflammatory cytokines accompanied by significant (P˂0.05) hypercortisolemia, increased growth hormone (GH) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, hypothyroidism, hypoinsulinemia, decreased testosterone, minerals, and electrolytes concentrations. Pro-inflammatory cytokines positively correlated with cortisol, growth hormone, and TSH and negatively correlated with T3, T4, insulin, and testosterone. The measured hormones yielded good values of sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy rate. The histopathological examination of the testicular tissue showed degeneration and necrosis of the spermatocytes and seminiferous tubules and hyperplasia of the interstitial tissue with edema, congestion, and infiltration. Conclusion:The recorded immunological changes during trypanosomiasis are strongly associated with the hormonal changes and infertility, and decreased minerals and electrolytes levels. Cortisol, T3, T4, and GH are proposed good indicators of trypanosomiasis.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Hormonal changes in Trypanosoma evansi-infected Rattus norvegicus: An approach to understand host-parasite interaction

Mohammed¹,

Darwish²,

Mohamed

2022

Parasitologists United Journal

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“…Trypanosome parasitaemic cattle had signi cantly lower serum albumin and numerically higher serum globulin in agreement with previous studies on effect of trypanosome infection on serum protein pro le of cattle and other animals(Ismail and Eman, 2014; Ozdek et al, 2020) Akinseye et al (2020). reviewed the biochemical indicators in trypanosomiasis and indicated that decreased total protein, and albumin and increased globulin levels were consistent ndings.…”

supporting

confidence: 89%

“…The mechanisms by which trypanosomes establish, multiply, and inundate the host with heavy parasitaemia is believed to involve the variable surface glycoprotein (VSG) genes which constitute about 10% of the trypanosome genome and of which only one is expressed at any given time (Igbokwe, 2018). This gene pool provides the molecular resources for antigenic variation which enables the parasite to discard the surface coat regularly, evade recognition by host immune system and endogenous trypanocidal factors (Abenga et al, 2017;Akinseye et al, 2020;Aresta-Blanco et al, 2019). In addition, trypanosomes utilize host nutrient supplies (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and micronutrients) for their metabolism (Igbokwe, 2018) and release metabolites some of which contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease (Mishra et al, 2017;Getahun et al, 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The pathological effects of trypanosomiasis are therefore re ected in altered haematological, and biochemical variables (Berthier et al, 2015; Lelisha and Meheranet, 2021), as well as in the metabolites released by trypanosomes in the host (Getahun et al, 2022). Blood dyscrasias include anaemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopaenia (Igbokwe, 2018;Kasozi et al, 2021), while biochemical alterations include markers of protein-energy metabolism (serum/plasma proteins, and cholesterol levels), serum enzymes, and kidney function markers (Akinseye et al, 2020). The severity and extent of the various patho-physiological and haemato-biochemical perturbations is modi ed by invading trypanosome species and variation in susceptibility or trypanotolerance capacity between species, breeds, and individual animals (Awekwe et al, 2017; Igbokwe, 2018; Akinseye et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of biochemical indices in indigenous cattle breeds and crossbred genotypes under natural trypanosome challenge

Nwachukwu,

Ogbu,

Kalla

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Breeding for trypanotolerance could be a more sustainable control strategy against African animal trypanosomiasis. This study examined the biochemical indices of crossbred/composite cattle, N’dama and WF breeds under natural trypanosome challenge to assess trypanotolerance capacity. Serum total protein, albumin, globulin, ALT, AST, ALP, bilirubin, creatinine and urea were compared among cattle genotypes, genotypic groups, anaemic and non-anaemic, and parasitaemic and aparasitaemic groups. Non-anaemic cattle had higher (p < 0.05) total protein and albumin compared to anaemic cattle. Globulin, albumin/globulin, ALT, ALP, and creatinine did not differ significantly between cattle genotypes but AST was highest in anaemic NDxWF (38.50 ± 6.19 U/l) while indirect bilirubin and urea were highest in non-anaemic 75NDx25WF. Aparasitaemic cattle had higher total protein, albumin and ALP but lower creatinine than parasitaemic cattle. AST and total bilirubin were highest in ND(GUxWFxMU) (33.18 ± 1.78 U/l) and ND(GUxWF) (0.30 ± 0.03 mg/dl), respectively and least in parasitaemic WF (24.63 ± 3.57 U/l) and NDxWF (0.19 ± 0.03 mg/dl), respectively. Creatinine, indirect bilirubin and urea were highest in 75NDx25WF (1.23 ± 0.26 mg/dl, 0.23 ± 0.03 mg/dl, and 39.68 ± 3.05 mg/dl, respectively) and lowest in ND (0.28 ± 0.10 mg/dl), parasitaemic WF (0.11 ± 0.03mg/dl), and ND(BOxWF) (22.84 ± 3.05 mg/dl), respectively. Crossbred/composite cattle and N’Dama had higher serum total protein, albumin, AST, total and indirect bilirubin, but lower creatinine compared to WF cattle indicating better body nutrient reserves, lower oxidative stress challenge and stronger trypanotolerance capacity.

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“…The increase in AST levels might be attributed to tissue damage induced by trypanosomes, as well as the destruction of the parasite by the host immune system, resulting in the release of trypanosomal AST (Takeet and Fagbemi, 2009;Pandya et al, 2018a). This rise in ALT levels could be due to hepatic damage caused by the parasite (Akinseye et al, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sero-prevalence and immunological characterization of Trypanosoma evansi infection in livestock of four agro-climatic Zones of Himachal Pradesh, India

Sharma

Gupta

Sethi

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Trypanosoma evansi, a hemoflagellate protozoan parasite causes wasting disease called surra in wide range of animals. Although, the organism has been reported from various parts of the India, data generated from organized epidemiological study is still in infancy in majority states of India. In the present study, livestock of Himachal Pradesh, India was targeted for epidemiological investigation of T. evansi infections. A total of 440 equines and 444 cattle serum samples were collected from four agro-climatic Zones. Further, serum samples of 280 buffaloes from three different agro-climatic Zones of Himachal Pradesh were also collected and evaluated for presence of T. evansi infection by indirect ELISA. Data generated showed higher prevalence in buffalo (23.57%) followed by cattle (22.52%) and equines (1.82%). Disease was found to be more prevalent (P < 0.05) in cattle of lower altitude as compared to those of higher altitudes. No significant variation was seen in prevalence of disease on the basis of age and sex of the animals. Serum biochemical analysis revealed increased levels of BUN in T. evansi infected equines. Levels of liver function enzymes such as ALT/GGT and AST were found to be significantly elevated (P < 0.01) in infected animals whereas glucose levels were significantly lower in surra infected animals as compared to non-infected animals. Western blot analysis of whole cell lysate (WCL) antigen of T. evansi using surra infected serum samples of equines showed immunodominant bands in the range of 100-25 kDa. Surra infected bovine serum samples recognized polypeptide bands in the range of 85-32 kDa, including protein clusters of 52-55 and 48-46 kDa. Poypeptide cluster of 62-66 kDa was found common to serum samples of bovines and equines from all agro-climatic Zones. Animal trypanosomosis was found to be highly prevalent in livestock of Himachal Pradesh and thus there is dire need for designing of proper control strategies against surra.

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Biochemical indicators in trypanosomiasis infections

Cited by 8 publications

References 15 publications

Hormonal changes in Trypanosoma evansi-infected Rattus norvegicus: An approach to understand host-parasite interaction

Hormonal changes in Trypanosoma evansi-infected Rattus norvegicus: An approach to understand host-parasite interaction

Evaluation of biochemical indices in indigenous cattle breeds and crossbred genotypes under natural trypanosome challenge

Sero-prevalence and immunological characterization of Trypanosoma evansi infection in livestock of four agro-climatic Zones of Himachal Pradesh, India

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