Biochemical and electrophysiologic effects of thallium poisoning on the rat corpus striatum

Hasan, Mahdi

doi:10.1016/0041-008x(77)90036-9

Cited by 17 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The clinical manifestation of thallotoxicosis has a wide spectrum but painful ascending peripheral neuropathy (both motor and sensory), gastrointestinal, and dermatologic manifestations (particularly alopecia) are major characteristics in Tl toxicity [ 5 ]. The exact mechanism of toxicity is still unclear, but because Tl ions are similar to potassium (K) ions, Tl may alter the number of K-dependent systems and enzymes in the body such as sulfhydryl groups, essential enzymes in the Krebs cycle, succinate dehydrogenase, and interactions with sodium-potassium ATPase and riboflavin [ 3 , 6 , 7 ]. Treatment includes early gastrointestinal decontamination, Prussian blue therapy (potassium ferric hexacyanoferrate), activated charcoal, laxatives, and enhanced elimination via forced diuresis and hemodialysis [ 3 , 6 , 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thallium exists in opioid poisoned patients

et al. 2015

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BackgroundThallium (Tl) is a toxic heavy metal that exists in nature. Tl poisoning (thallotoxicosis) may occur in opioid addicts. This study was designed to evaluate the frequency and level of urinary Tl in opioid abusers. In addition, clinical findings were evaluated.MethodsA total of 150 subjects were examined. Cases with a history of at least 3 years of abuse were admitted in the Imam Reza Hospital as the case group; 50 non-opioid abusers from the target population were included as the control group. Twenty-four hour urinary qualitative and quantitative Tl analyses were performed on both groups.ResultsOut of the 150 subjects, 128 (85 %) were negative for qualitative urinary Tl, followed by 5 % (trace), 7 % (1+), 2 % (2+), and 1 % (3+). Mean (standard error (SE), Min–Max) quantitative urinary Tl level was 14 μg/L (3.5 μg/L, 0–346 μg/L). Mean urinary Tl level in the case group was 21 μg/L (5 μg/L, 0–346 μg/L) and that in the controls was 1 μg/L (0.14 μg/L, 0–26 μg/L), which were significantly different (P = 0.001). The most frequent clinical findings were ataxia (86 %), sweating (81 %), and constipation (54 %). In all cases (n = 150), the mean (SE) value for cases with positive qualitative urinary Tl was 26.8 μg/L (0.9 μg/L) and that in the negative cases was 2.3 μg/L (0.2 μg/L), which were significantly different (P = 0.002).ConclusionsThis study showed that long-term opioid abuse may lead to Tl exposure. In opioid abusers with the clinical manifestation of thallotoxicosis, urinary Tl should be determined.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thallium exists in opioid poisoned patients

et al. 2015

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“…Tl (27)(28)(29) and survival advantage in animal models (30). Although previously used, forced potassium diuresis and traditional chelators may facilitate Tl redistribution into neurologic tissues in humans (12,(31)(32)(33) and increase lethality (34,35). Prussian blue is an orally administered ion exchanger that effectively increases fecal elimination of Tl and improves survival in animal models (5).…”

Section: Overview Of Tl Poisoningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracorporeal Treatment for Thallium Poisoning

Ghannoum¹,

Nolin²,

Goldfarb³

et al. 2012

Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

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SummaryBackground The EXtracorporeal TReatments In Poisoning (EXTRIP) workgroup was formed to provide recommendations on the use of extracorporeal treatment (ECTR) in poisoning. To test and validate its methods, the workgroup reviewed data for thallium (Tl).Methods After an extensive search, the co-chairs reviewed the articles, extracted the data, summarized findings, and proposed structured voting statements following a predetermined format. A two-round modified Delphi method was chosen to reach a consensus on voting statements and RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method to quantify disagreement. Blinded votes were compiled, returned, and discussed during a conference call. A second vote determined the final recommendations.Results Forty-five articles met inclusion criteria. Only case reports and case series were identified, yielding a very low quality of evidence for all recommendations. Data on 74 patients, including 11 who died, were abstracted. The workgroup concluded that Tl is slightly dialyzable and made the following recommendations: ECTR is recommended in severe Tl poisoning (1D). ECTR is indicated if Tl exposure is highly suspected on the basis of history or clinical features (2D) or if the serum Tl concentration is .1.0 mg/L (2D). ECTR should be initiated as soon as possible, ideally within 24-48 hours of Tl exposure (1D), and be continued until the serum Tl concentration is ,0.1 mg/L for a minimal duration of 72 hours (2D).Conclusion Despite Tl's low dialyzability and the limited evidence, the workgroup strongly recommended extracorporeal removal in the case of severe Tl poisoning.

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Gallium, Indium, and Thallium

Repetto¹,

Peso²

2001

Patty's Toxicology

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The chemical elements gallium, indium, and thallium belong to group IIIA in the periodic table. Unlike other metals, such as lead and arsenic, which have been featured prominently in toxicologic folklore since antiquity, they are relative newcomers, discovered from 1861 to 1876. Since then, thallium has developed a well‐deserved reputation for its toxic properties and is recognized as a potent accidental, occupational, and environmental poison, with incidence in cases of homicide and suicide. Although gallium and indium are not as toxic as thallium, their production and industrial use represent an important source of exposure, particularly in the increasing manufacture of semiconductor electronic devices. Gallium compounds particularly produce pulmonary toxicity. Indium compounds induce pulmonary toxicity and also nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and developmental toxicity, whereas thallium compounds act as general poisons. Some compounds are also capable of altering various cellular defense mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis. However, many aspects of the toxicity of individual compounds in human beings, including toxicokinetics, mechanisms of action, teratogenic potential, and the best treatment, remain to be elucidated.

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Biochemical and electrophysiologic effects of thallium poisoning on the rat corpus striatum

Cited by 17 publications

References 17 publications

Thallium exists in opioid poisoned patients

Thallium exists in opioid poisoned patients

Extracorporeal Treatment for Thallium Poisoning

Gallium, Indium, and Thallium

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