Bioavailability of Cadmium in Food and Water: A Case Study on the Derivation of Relative Bioavailability Factors for Inorganics and Their Relevance to the Reference Dose

ICRP Publication 151: Occupational Intakes of Radionuclides: Part 5

“…Manganese appears to be absorbed more readily in the gastrointestinal tract of women than men. The absorption is also higher from water than from food (Ruoff, 1995), and from manganese chloride than from manganese oxide (Roels et al, 1997;Zheng et al, 2000).…”

“… (478) Rusch et al. (1986) studied the distribution and excretion of cadmium in rats over 1 month after inhalation of cadmium carbonate (CdCO 3 ) and two insoluble cadmium pigments (see below).…”

“… (487) As mentioned above, Rusch et al. (1986) studied the distribution and excretion of cadmium in rats over 1 month after inhalation of CdCO 3 and two highly insoluble cadmium pigments (finely divided red and yellow powders of cadmium, selenium, sulphur, and zinc in hexagonal form produced by high-temperature calcination).…”

Bioavailability: Exposure, Dose and Risk Assessment

“…Gastrointestinal absorption may also be estimated using the relationship between the intake of a metal and the concentration of that metal in the tissues of the body, or body burden [72]. Such methods may be employed using experimental animals [73][74][75] or with human subjects [76][77][78][79][80][81][82].…”

Opinion of the Scientific Panel on contaminants in the food chain [CONTAM] related to cadmium as undesirable substance in animal feed

“…In a comparison of the rates of accumulation of cadmium ingested with food and water, Ruoff et al (1994) found that the bioavailability of cadmium from food is not significantly different from the bioavailability of cadmium from drinking water when food and water are provided ad libitum and the cadmium dose is less than 4 mg/kg body weight. These findings suggest that the bioavailability of cadmium is influenced by the contents of the gastrointestinal tract rather than by the exposure medium.…”