Bioassay based screening of steroid derivatives in animal feed and supplements

Rijk, Jeroen C.W.; Ashwin, Helen; Kuijk, Sandra van; Groot, M.J.; Heskamp, H.H.; Bovee, Toine F.H.; Nielen, Michel W. F.

doi:10.1016/j.aca.2010.11.016

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(20 reference statements)

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“…The most impor tant ones are the low throughput and the high global cost of this approach. For this reason, the use of bioassays with AR activities for doping control purposes has been limited to the study of the content of prohormones/nutritional supplements [69,74,75].…”

Section: Neutral Loss Scan Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Current Status and Bioanalytical Challenges in The Detection of Unknown Anabolic Androgenic Steroids in Doping Control Analysis

et al. 2013

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Androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS) are prohibited in sports due to their anabolic effects. Doping control laboratories usually face the screening of AAS misuse by target methods based on MS detection. Although these methods allow for the sensitive and specific detection of targeted compounds and metabolites, the rest remain undetectable. This fact opens a door for cheaters, since different AAS can be synthesized in order to evade doping control tests. This situation was evidenced in 2003 with the discovery of the designer steroid tetrahydrogestrinone. One decade after this discovery, the detection of unknown AAS still remains one of the main analytical challenges in the doping control field. In this manuscript, the current situation in the detection of unknown AAS is reviewed. Although important steps have been made in order to minimize this analytical problem and different analytical strategies have been proposed, there are still some drawbacks related to each approach.

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Section: Neutral Loss Scan Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The detection of AR activities of nutritional supplements has been used as a preliminary step to select supplements that potentially contain AAS [69,74,75].…”

Section: Neutral Loss Scan Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Status and Bioanalytical Challenges in The Detection of Unknown Anabolic Androgenic Steroids in Doping Control Analysis

et al. 2013

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“…For example, estrogen activity was detected by a reporter construct of the human ERα gene fused to yeast enhanced GFP (yEGFP), which was used as a rapid yeast bioassay to screen estrogen activity in calf urine [ 83 ]. This construct was validated as a bioassay for hormonal substances in feed [ 84 ], and concomitantly improved by the combination with mass-spectrometry techniques [ 85 , 86 ] and by the use of various test samples [ 87 , 88 ], and combined with androgen assay [ 89 ], to attain to a level of a standardized multi-hormonal bioassay system.…”

Section: Application Of Fluorescence-based Bioassaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluorescence-Based Bioassays for the Detection and Evaluation of Food Materials

Nishi

Isobe

Zhu

et al. 2015

Sensors

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We summarize here the recent progress in fluorescence-based bioassays for the detection and evaluation of food materials by focusing on fluorescent dyes used in bioassays and applications of these assays for food safety, quality and efficacy. Fluorescent dyes have been used in various bioassays, such as biosensing, cell assay, energy transfer-based assay, probing, protein/immunological assay and microarray/biochip assay. Among the arrays used in microarray/biochip assay, fluorescence-based microarrays/biochips, such as antibody/protein microarrays, bead/suspension arrays, capillary/sensor arrays, DNA microarrays/polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based arrays, glycan/lectin arrays, immunoassay/enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based arrays, microfluidic chips and tissue arrays, have been developed and used for the assessment of allergy/poisoning/toxicity, contamination and efficacy/mechanism, and quality control/safety. DNA microarray assays have been used widely for food safety and quality as well as searches for active components. DNA microarray-based gene expression profiling may be useful for such purposes due to its advantages in the evaluation of pathway-based intracellular signaling in response to food materials.

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“…GC-MS may also fail to detect novel structures or those with unknown metabolic profiles. Bioassays can complement the screening of samples as they are capable of detecting hormonally active compounds in prepared extracts and if the appropriate host cell is used for the bioassay such as hepatocytes then such assays may also detect prohormones [43,45,46]. For these reasons, bioassays are ideal for the detection of androgens or proandrogens added to nutritional supplements.…”

Section: Androgen Bioassaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As the liver tissue is whole, it is expected that this ex vivo approach will mimic the in vivo capacity for enzymatic conversions of steroids and therefore detect both prohormones and/or strong androgenic metabolites. In another example of introducing a pre-metabolism step prior to testing with a yeast AR bioassay to allow for prohormone or androgen metabolite detection, samples were pre-treated with a Helix pomatia enzyme mix to activate inactive hormone conjugates including sulphates, glucuronides and glycosides [46]. This example was in the setting of feed supplementation, rather than nutraceutical supplements, however, it is possible that a similar approach could be used to detect such conjugates if they were components of nutraceuticals.…”

Section: Androgen Bioassaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro Androgen Bioassays as a Detection Method for Designer Androgens

Cooper

McGrath

Heather

2013

Sensors

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Androgens are the class of sex steroids responsible for male sexual characteristics, including increased muscle mass and decreased fat mass. Illicit use of androgen doping can be an attractive option for those looking to enhance sporting performance and/or physical appearance. The use of in vitro bioassays to detect androgens, especially designer or proandrogens, is becoming increasingly important in combating androgen doping associated with nutritional supplements. The nutritional sports supplement market has grown rapidly throughout the past decade. Many of these supplements contain androgens, designer androgens or proandrogens. Many designer or proandrogens cannot be detected by the standard highly-sensitive screening methods such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry because their chemical structure is unknown. However, in vitro androgen bioassays can detect designer and proandrogens as these assays are not reliant on knowing the chemical structure but instead are based on androgen receptor activation. For these reasons, it may be advantageous to use routine androgen bioassay screening of nutraceutical samples to help curb the increasing problem of androgen doping.

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Bioassay based screening of steroid derivatives in animal feed and supplements

Cited by 8 publications

References 13 publications

Current Status and Bioanalytical Challenges in The Detection of Unknown Anabolic Androgenic Steroids in Doping Control Analysis

Current Status and Bioanalytical Challenges in The Detection of Unknown Anabolic Androgenic Steroids in Doping Control Analysis

Fluorescence-Based Bioassays for the Detection and Evaluation of Food Materials

In Vitro Androgen Bioassays as a Detection Method for Designer Androgens

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