Many research institutions,
clinical diagnostic laboratories,
and blood banks are desperately searching for a possibility to identify
and quantify heme in different physiological and pathological settings
as well as various research applications. The reasons for this are
the toxicity of the heme and the fact that it acts as a hemolytic
and pro-inflammatory molecule. Heme only exerts these severe and undesired
effects when it is not incorporated in hemoproteins. Upon release
from the hemoproteins, it enters a biologically available state (labile
heme), in which it is loosely associated with proteins, lipids, nucleic
acids, or other molecules. While the current methods and procedures
for quantitative determination of heme have been used for many years
in different settings, their value is limited by the challenging chemical
properties of heme. A major cause of inadequate quantification is
the separation of labile and permanently bound heme and its high aggregation
potential. Thus, none of the current methods are utilized as a generally
applicable, standardized approach. The aim of this Feature is to describe
and summarize the most common and frequently used chemical, analytical,
and biochemical methods for the quantitative determination of heme.
Based on this overview, the most promising approaches for future solutions
to heme quantification are highlighted.