Bioactives and Extracellular Enzymes Obtained from Fermented Macrofungi Cultivated in Cotton and Jatropha Seed Cakes

Abstract

This work focused on obtaining fermented oil cake (cotton or Jatropha) via macrofungi growth with potential characteristics for animal feed formulations, such as the presence of extracellular enzymes, bioactive (ergosterol and antioxidants), and detoxification of antinutritional compounds. The concentration of phorbol esters was reduced by four macrofungi in Jatropha seed cake (JSC) to non-toxic levels. At least two macrofungi efficiently degraded free gossypol in cottonseed cake (CSC). Fermentation with Coriolopsis sp. INPA1646 and Tyromyces sp. INPA1696 resulted in increased ergosterol concentrations, antioxidant activity reduction, and high activity of laccases and proteases. Bromatological analysis indicated high crude protein concentrations, with partial solubilization by fungal proteases. Fermented products from Coriolopsis sp. and Tyromyces sp. in JSC or CSC can be considered important biological inputs for monogastric and polygastric animal feed.

Identification of Acid Hydrolysis Metabolites of the Pimelea Toxin Simplexin for Targeted UPLC-MS/MS Analysis

“…Its structure is predicted to have its orthoester partially hydrolysed to a monoester (Figure 9) and two water molecules are also eliminated. (10) and monoester polyol (11). HRAM analysis of fragment ions (m/z) shown as calculated (orange) and measured (blue) confirmed the molecular composition of each ion.…”

“…The product with molecular formula of C30H46O9 was predicted to be the pentol (10) derived from simplexin with HRAM analysis identifying the [M + H] + ion to be m/z (10) and monoester polyol (11). HRAM analysis of fragment ions (m/z) shown as calculated (orange) and measured (blue) confirmed the molecular composition of each ion.…”

“…For polyol (8), pentol (10), and monoester polyol (11), there were both major and minor peaks with similar fragmentation ions (Figure 10) but different ion ratios in the spectra which are again presumed to be regioisomers or stereoisomers. 8), monoester (9), pentol (10) and monoester polyol (11) showing its transitions in positive ionisation mode using typical simplexin fragment ions.…”

“…Its structure is predicted to have its orthoester partially hydrolysed to a monoester (Figure 9) and two water molecules are also eliminated. 8), monoester (9), pentol (10) and monoester polyol (11) showing its transitions in positive ionisation mode using typical simplexin fragment ions.…”

“…Consistent with this hypothesis, simplexin was not detected in any of the blood or other animal tissues collected during this previous trial [ 9 ]. Phorbol esters, which have a similar diterpene skeleton to simplexin (and are also PKC activators), have been reported to be degraded during microbial fermentation [ 10 , 11 , 12 ]. This degradation was argued to be due to enzymatic hydrolysis of phorbol esters during the fermentation process.…”