Bioactive lipids in gintonin-enriched fraction from ginseng

Cho, Hee-Jung; Choi, Sun-Hye; Kim, Hyeonjoong; Lee, Byung-Hwan; Rhim, Hyewon; Kim, Hyoung‐Chun; Hwang, Sung‐Hee; Nah, Seung‐Yeol

doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2017.11.006

Cited by 35 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The total lipid content in gintonin was approximately 14.2%. The qualitative assay showed that gintonin contained diacylglycerols and triacylglycerols [17].…”

Section: Gintonin Preparation and Drug Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gintonin Attenuates D-Galactose-Induced Hippocampal Senescence by Improving Long-Term Hippocampal Potentiation, Neurogenesis, and Cognitive Functions

et al. 2018

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Background: Ginseng has been used to improve brain function and increase longevity. However, little is known about the ingredients of ginseng and molecular mechanisms of its anti-brain aging effects. Gintonin is a novel exogenous ginseng-derived lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor ligand; LPA and LPA1 receptors are involved in adult hippocampal neurogenesis. D-galactose (D-gal) is used to induce brain aging in animal models because long-term treatment with D-gal facilitates hippocampal aging in experimental adult animals by decreasing hippocampal neurogenesis and inducing learning and memory dysfunction. Objective: To investigate the protective effects of gintonin on D-gal-induced hippocampal senescence, impairment of long-term potentiation (LTP), and memory dysfunction. Methods: Brain hippocampal aging was induced by D-gal administration (150 mg/kg/day, s.c.; 10 weeks). From the 7th week, gintonin (50 or 100 mg/kg/day, per os) was co-administered with D-gal for 4 weeks. We performed histological analyses, LTP measurements, and object location test. Results: Co-administration of gintonin ameliorated D-gal-induced reductions in hippocampal Ki67-immunoreactive proliferating cells, doublecortin-immunoreactive neuroblasts, 5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine-incorporating NeuN-immunoreactive mature neurons, and LPA1 receptor expression. Co-administration of gintonin in D-gal-treated mice increased the expression of phosphorylated cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. In addition, co-administration of gintonin in D-gal-treated mice enhanced LTP and restored the cognitive functions compared with those in mice treated with D-gal only. Conclusion: These results show that gintonin administration restores D-gal-induced memory deficits by enhancing hippocampal LPA1 receptor expression, LTP, and neurogenesis. Finally, the present study shows that gintonin exerts anti-brain aging effects that are responsible for alleviating brain aging-related dysfunction.

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“…The total lipid content in gintonin was approximately 14.2%. The qualitative assay showed that gintonin contained diacylglycerols and triacylglycerols [17].…”

Section: Gintonin Preparation and Drug Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gintonin Attenuates D-Galactose-Induced Hippocampal Senescence by Improving Long-Term Hippocampal Potentiation, Neurogenesis, and Cognitive Functions

et al. 2018

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“…Gintonin, a component of ginseng and a novel exogenous ligand of G protein-coupled lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptors, has been identified as a non-saponin and non-acidic carbohydrate polymer [11,12]. The gintonin-enriched fraction (GEF) of ginseng extract contains a large amount of gintonin, as the name implies, and also linoleic acid (C18:2), phosphatidic acid (PA) 16:0-18:2, LPA C18:2, as well as other bioactive lysophospholipids in addition to LPAs [12]. GEF transiently induces [Ca 2+ ] i and stimulates diverse Ca 2+ -dependent cellular effects, ranging from neurotransmitter release to neuronal cell proliferation, through G protein-coupled LPA receptors [11,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ginseng Gintonin Enhances Hyaluronic Acid and Collagen Release from Human Dermal Fibroblasts Through Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor Interaction

Lee

Hwang

et al. 2019

Molecules

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Gintonin is a newly discovered component of ginseng and acts as a ligand for G protein-coupled lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptors. It is currently unclear whether gintonin has skin-related effects. Here, we examined the effects of a gintonin-enriched fraction (GEF) on [Ca2+]i transient induction in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). We found that GEF treatment transiently induced [Ca2+]i in a dose-dependent manner. GEF also increased cell viability and proliferation, which could be blocked by Ki16425, an LPA1/3 receptor antagonist, or 1,2-Bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid tetrakis(acetoxymethyl ester) (BAPTA-AM), a calcium chelator. We further found that GEF stimulated hyaluronic acid (HA) release from HDFs in a dose- and time-dependent manner, which could be attenuated by Ki16425, U73122, a phospholipase C inhibitor, 2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB), an IP3 receptor antagonist, and BAPTA-AM. Moreover, we found that GEF increased HA synthase 1 (HAS1) expression in a time-dependent manner. We also found that GEF stimulates collagen release and the expression of collagen 1, 3, and 7 synthases in a time-dependent manner. GEF-mediated collagen synthesis could be blocked by Ki16425, U73122, 2-APB, and BAPTA-AM. GEF treatment also increased the mRNA levels of LPA1-6 receptor subtypes at 8 h and increased the protein levels of LPA1-6 receptor subtypes at 8 h. Overall, these results indicate that the GEF-mediated transient induction of [Ca2+]i is coupled to HA and collagen release from HDFs via LPA receptor regulations. We can, thus, conclude that GEF might exert a beneficial effect on human skin physiology via LPA receptors.

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“…Gintonin-enriched fraction prepared by applying a previously described method [17,29]. In summary, one kg of 4-year-old ginseng were ground into small pieces (>3 mm) and refluxed with 70% edible Ethanol (EtOH) for 8 h at 80 • C for eight times.…”

Section: Preparation Of Gintonin-enriched Fraction (Gef)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…GEF is based on signal transduction through the lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptors. GEF is composed of a large amount of lysophosphatidic acids as a functional group and contains a large amount of linoleic acid and phosphatidic acids, as lipid components [17]. Therefore, we investigated the effects of GEF, one of the non-saponin components, on oxidative stress and inflammation induced by heat stress and prove the molecular mechanisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gintonin-Enriched Fraction Suppresses Heat Stress-Induced Inflammation through LPA Receptor

Chei

Song

et al. 2020

Molecules

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Heat stress can be caused by various environmental factors. When exposed to heat stress, oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction occur due to an increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the body. In particular, inflammatory responses induced by heat stress are common in muscle cells, which are the most exposed to heat stress and directly affected. Gintonin-Enriched Fraction (GEF) is a non-saponin component of ginseng, a glycolipoprotein. It is known that it has excellent neuroprotective effects, therefore, we aimed to confirm the protective effect against heat stress by using GEF. C2C12 cells were exposed to high temperature stress for 1, 12 and 15 h, and the expression of signals was analyzed over time. Changes in the expression of the factors that were observed under heat stress were confirmed at the protein level. Exposure to heat stress increases phosphorylation of p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and increases expression of inflammatory factors such as NLRP3 inflammasome through lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor. Activated inflammatory signals also increase the secretion of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 18 (IL-18). Also, expression of glutathione reductase (GR) and catalase related to oxidative stress is increased. However, it was confirmed that the changes due to the heat stress were suppressed by the GEF treatment. Therefore, we suggest that GEF helps to protect heat stress in muscle cell and prevent tissue damage by oxidative stress and inflammation.

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Bioactive lipids in gintonin-enriched fraction from ginseng

Cited by 35 publications

References 34 publications

Gintonin Attenuates D-Galactose-Induced Hippocampal Senescence by Improving Long-Term Hippocampal Potentiation, Neurogenesis, and Cognitive Functions

Gintonin Attenuates D-Galactose-Induced Hippocampal Senescence by Improving Long-Term Hippocampal Potentiation, Neurogenesis, and Cognitive Functions

Ginseng Gintonin Enhances Hyaluronic Acid and Collagen Release from Human Dermal Fibroblasts Through Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor Interaction

Gintonin-Enriched Fraction Suppresses Heat Stress-Induced Inflammation through LPA Receptor

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