Gintonin-Enriched Fraction Suppresses Heat Stress-Induced Inflammation through LPA Receptor

Abstract

Heat stress can be caused by various environmental factors. When exposed to heat stress, oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction occur due to an increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the body. In particular, inflammatory responses induced by heat stress are common in muscle cells, which are the most exposed to heat stress and directly affected. Gintonin-Enriched Fraction (GEF) is a non-saponin component of ginseng, a glycolipoprotein. It is known that it has excellent neuroprotective effects, therefore, we aimed to confirm the protective effect against heat stress by using GEF. C2C12 cells were exposed to high temperature stress for 1, 12 and 15 h, and the expression of signals was analyzed over time. Changes in the expression of the factors that were observed under heat stress were confirmed at the protein level. Exposure to heat stress increases phosphorylation of p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and increases expression of inflammatory factors such as NLRP3 inflammasome through lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor. Activated inflammatory signals also increase the secretion of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 18 (IL-18). Also, expression of glutathione reductase (GR) and catalase related to oxidative stress is increased. However, it was confirmed that the changes due to the heat stress were suppressed by the GEF treatment. Therefore, we suggest that GEF helps to protect heat stress in muscle cell and prevent tissue damage by oxidative stress and inflammation.

Gintonin-enriched fraction improves sarcopenia by maintaining immune homeostasis in 20- to 24-month-old C57BL/6J mice

“…Mice received oral GEF (50 mg/kg/day or 150 mg/kg/day) daily for 5 weeks. Daily dosage of GEF was established referring to several studies demonstrating the bioactive effectiveness of GEF [ 22 , 29 , 30 ], and derived from the human dose (0.25 g/60 kg/day and 0.75 g/60 kg/day) in mathematical table, as described [ 31 ]. During the oral administration period, body weight and grip strength were measured weekly.…”

“…Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer, Araliaceae) is a traditional herb used in Asia to increase physical work capacity, immunity, and recovery from fatigue, and to treat inflammation [ [21] , [22] , [23] ]. Korean ginseng contains various bioactive components, including saponins (ginsenosides), non-saponin components, polysaccharides, phenolic ingredients, and alkaloids [ 24 ].…”

Inflammatory Mediation of Heat Stress-Induced Growth Deficits in Livestock and Its Potential Role as a Target for Nutritional Interventions: A Review

“…In fact, as little as 12 h of heat stress in pigs was sufficient to increase muscle content of the inflammation-mediating kinase IKKα and, in turn, the phosphorylation of its nuclear target NFκB, which predictably increased gene expression for TNFα and other inflammatory cytokines [ 102 ]. A study performed in immortalized C2C12 skeletal muscle cells showed that increased expression for inflammatory cytokines may also result from greater assembly and activation of the inflammation-mediating NLRP3 inflammasome, as gene expression for all necessary components of this oligomer are increased after a 15-h period of in vitro heat stress [ 103 ]. Moreover, studies in rodents indicate that the heat shock protein HSP70 plays a key upstream role in mediating heat stress induction of inflammatory pathways [ 99 , 100 , 101 ].…”

Dysfunction of B Cell Leading to Failure of Immunoglobulin Response Is Ameliorated by Dietary Silk Peptide in 14-Month-Old C57BL/6 Mice

“…Signals were visualized using EZ-Western Lumi Femto (DoGenBio, Seoul, Korea) and quantified on a LAS-4000 (GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Marlborough, MA, USA). The intensity of the protein bands on each blot was quantified by densitometric analysis using ImageJ software (Bethesda, MD, USA) (28,29).…”