Bioactive glass (45S5)-based 3D scaffolds coated with magnesium and zinc-loaded hydroxyapatite nanoparticles for tissue engineering applications

Effect of the nano/microscale structure of biomaterial scaffolds on bone regeneration

“…132 Interestingly, there are reports showing that the release of ions has only a slight but not significant effect on cell adhesion and differentiation, while the underlying material substrates are the key regulators. 135 Therefore, Mg-doped scaffolds are considered to promote adhesion and osteogenic differentiation of MSCs by inducing the expression of integrin α5β1 receptor. 133,135 Similarly, Ryan et al developed a Cu-doped bioactive glass scaffold to stimulate bone regeneration.…”

“…135 Therefore, Mg-doped scaffolds are considered to promote adhesion and osteogenic differentiation of MSCs by inducing the expression of integrin α5β1 receptor. 133,135 Similarly, Ryan et al developed a Cu-doped bioactive glass scaffold to stimulate bone regeneration. 134 In this study, they demonstrated that Cu induced osteogenic differentiation of MSCs through promoting collagen maturation by lysyl oxidase crosslinking.…”

Plasma-Assisted Deposition of Magnesium-Containing Coatings on Porous Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering

“…During this process, it inhibits the growth of calcium phosphate clusters and stabilizes the amorphous state of bone mineral apatite [4]. Several studies have demonstrated the stimulatory effects of magnesium on the formation, growth, and repair of bone tissue, making it interesting for bone tissue engineering [2,5,6].…”

“…In recent years, to obtain suitable orthopedic biomaterials to allow the full healing of bone defects before their complete degradation, studies have been carried out to combine magnesium-based materials with diverse biodegradable and biocompatible three dimensional (3D) porous scaffolds [1,[4][5][6][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. Scaffolds are supporting structural devices that can influence the behavior of cells in bone tissue regeneration processes [17,[23][24][25].…”

“…Ideally, scaffolds should be characterized by a surface chemistry suitable for cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation, as well as the presence of mechanical properties matching those of the tissues at the site of implantation [23][24][25]27]. Thus, different typologies of magnesium-containing scaffolds were studied for bone tissue engineering: β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) scaffolds decorated with gelatine containing magnesium [12]; scaffolds produced by freeze-drying [4], viscous mass foaming [5], cryogenic 3D printing, or sintering in the presence of magnesium-containing powders [13]; poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)/TCP/magnesium scaffolds made by low-temperature rapid prototyping [1]; alginate scaffolds that incorporate bioactive glass particles containing Zn and Mg [14]; bioactive glass-based scaffolds coated with hydroxyapatite (HA) loaded with Mg and Zn [6]; and gelatine-, chitosan-, and magnesium-enriched montmorillonite scaffolds [15]. The use of a polymeric matrix is generally proposed as a solution to improve the mechanical properties of scaffolds.…”