Bioaccumulation and metabolism of phthalate esters by oysters, brown shrimp, and sheepshead minnows

Investigation of the antifouling constituents from the brown alga Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt

“…However, phthalate ester may also come from the coastal environment and/or reflect a phenomenon of bioaccumulation (Peakall 1975). Phthalate esters have been found in soils, plants, and aquatic organisms (Morris 1970;Peakall 1975;Melancon and Lech 1976;Noguchi et al 1979;Wofford et al 1981;Stales et al 1997;Chen 2004;Mackintosh et al 2004;Cho et al 2005). Because of their lipophilicity, they can be potentially bioaccumulated by organisms (Mackintosh et al 2004).…”

Differential Inhibition of Xenobiotic-Metabolizing Carboxylesterases by Organotins in Marine Fish

“…Hydrolytic metabolism of xenobiotics by nonspeci"c carboxylesterases plays a major role in the detoxication of organophosphate pesticides (Wallace and Dargan, 1987;Anderson et al, 1988;Straus and Chambers, 1995), phathalate ester plasticizers (Wo!ord et al, 1981;Barron et al, 1989), oil spill dispersants (Payne, 1982;Swall and Tjeerdema, 1991), and other environmental chemical pollutants in "sh and other aquatic animals.…”

Phthalic Acid Esters

“…These studies are relatively easy to carry out, since aquatic organisms inhabit the pollutant solution rather than requiring injection or force-feeding. The results of Stalling, Hogan, and Johnson [222] and of Wofford and his collaborators [275] are summarized in Tables 16 and 17. Stalling, Hogan, and Johnson analyzed the metabolites found by TLC.…”

“…Increasing the length of the ex-posure to an elevated PAE concentration can either increase or decrease their ability to accumulate or degrade the compounds. Wofford and his collaborators [275] found that the rate of accumulation depended both on the organism (oysters> shrimp> fish), and on the alcohol moiety (DBP > DEHP > DMP); however the differences were not large.…”

“…Only a few studies have been made of the metabolism ofPAEs by invertebrates. One of these is the study by Wofford and his collaborators [275] which was discussed in the preceding major section. They investigated the metabolism of phthalate esters by oyster ( Crassostrea virginica), brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus), and in the vertebrate, sheepshead minnow ( Cyprinodon variegatus).…”