Bioaccessibility, bioavailability, and anti‐inflammatory effects of anthocyanins from purple root vegetables using mono‐ and co‐culture cell models

Vanillin, a kind of phenolic compound, is naturally found in food and beverage and widely used as a flavoring agent. In view of the safety and universality of vanillin, exploring the functions of vanillin on human is of great value. Thus, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐activated THP‐1 cells were selected as the cell model to evaluate the anti‐inflammatory effect of vanillin in this study. On the basis of the results, vanillin markedly suppressed the expression of inflammatory cytokines (that is, TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, and IL‐8), mediators (NO, iNOS, PGE2, and COX‐2), and NLRP3 inflammasome (that is, NLRP3, ASC, and caspase‐1), blocked the LPS‐induced activation of the NF‐κB/IκBα/AP‐1 signaling pathway, and activated the gene expression of the Nrf2/HO‐1 signaling pathway. In addition, it was confirmed that vanillin was unable to react with LPS due to the results of quantification by HS‐SPME‐GC‐MS. Hence, vanillin could effectively attenuate LPS‐induced inflammatory response by regulating the expression of intracellular signaling pathways in THP‐1 cells. It is a potent anti‐inflammatory component found in food and beverage. These findings might contribute to the overall understanding of the potential health benefits of vanillin for food application. Practical Application In this study, the anti‐inflammatory effect of vanillin (VA) was evaluated by ELISA, real‐time PCR, and western blot in LPS‐induced THP‐1 cells. The hypothesis that VA could react with LPS was excluded due to the results of quantification by HS‐SPME‐GC‐MS. On the basis of the result, vanillin could effectively attenuate LPS‐induced inflammatory response in THP‐1 cells and was a potent anti‐inflammatory component natural in food and beverage. These findings might contribute to the overall understanding of the potential health benefits of vanillin for food application.

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Health Nutrition and Foodmentioning

confidence: 95%

Elucidation of The Anti‐Inflammatory Effect of Vanillin In Lps‐Activated THP‐1 Cells

Zhao

Jiang

et al. 2019

“…Recent study showed that anthocyanin‐rich fractions from red raspberries decreased mRNA expression of IL‐1β, IL‐6, iNOS, and cyclooxygenase‐2 by blocking the activation of NF‐κB and MAPKs in LPS/interferon‐γ‐induced RAW 264.7 cells (Li and others ). Zhang and others () found that anthocyanins from purple carrot or potato suppressed IL‐8 and TNF‐α production via inhibiting NF‐κB and c‐Jun‐N‐terminal kinase signaling pathway in LPS‐induced Caco‐2 BBe1/THP‐1 coculture cell system. Thus, total catechins, anthocyanins, and caffeine in Zijuan tea extracts were partly responsible for their anti‐inflammatory effects.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytochemicals, Anti‐Inflammatory, Antiproliferative, and Methylglyoxal Trapping Properties of Zijuan Tea

Guan

et al. 2018

“…The antioxidant activity of petunidin was higher than delphinidin with the cell‐based antioxidant activity determined by the cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) (Chen et al., 2019). Also, petunidin glycosides from purple potato were more readily taken up by the Caco‐2 cells in the transmembrane system, which was attributed to a stronger anti‐inflammatory effect in vitro (Zhang et al., 2017). Bilberry anthocyanins, which the main anthocyanin is petunidin glycosides, activated the Nrf2/ARE‐dependent gene expression in vivo (Kropat et al., 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergistic antioxidant effects of petunidin and lycopene in H9c2 cells submitted to hydrogen peroxide: Role of Akt/Nrf2 pathway

Zheng

Deng

Zheng

et al. 2020

Self Cite

Phenolics and carotenoids coexist in fruits and vegetables and could possess interaction effects after consumption. The present study aims to elucidate the possible mechanisms of the antioxidant interactions between anthocyanins and carotenoids using petunidin and lycopene as examples in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)‐induced heart myofibroblast cell (H9c2) line model. The results revealed that petunidin and lycopene showed antioxidant effects and petunidin in a larger proportion mixed with lycopene, for example, petunidin: lycopene = 9:1 significantly protected against the loss of the cell viability (8.98 ± 1.03%) and intracellular antioxidant enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD, 27.07 ± 3.51%), catalase (CAT, 29.51 ± 6.12%), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px, 20.33 ± 2.65%). Moreover, the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expressions of NAD(P)H quinone reductase (NQO1) and heme oxygenase (HO‐1) of the nuclear factor erythrocyte 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway were significantly induced in petunidin, lycopene, and synergistic combinations, suggesting that the antioxidant action was through activating the Nrf2 antioxidant response pathway. This was further validated by Nrf2 siRNA, and the results that petunidin significantly induced more of NQO1 expression and lycopene more of HO‐1 suggested that the synergism may be a result of concerted actions by the two compounds on these two different target genes of the Nrf2 pathway. The two compounds also significantly increased the phosphorylation of Akt in synergistic combinations. Findings of the present study demonstrated that petunidin and lycopene exerted synergistic antioxidant effects when petunidin in a larger proportion in the combinations and contribute to the prevention of cellular redox homeostasis, which might provide a theoretical basis for phenolics and carotenoids playing beneficial effects on the cardiovascular risk. Practical Application In this study, we revealed that the combined treatments of petunidin and lycopen inhibited H2O2‐induced oxidative damage in myocardial cells. Moreover, the treatments contributed to the Nrf2 pathway and the restoration of cellular redox homeostasis might provide a theoretical basis for phenolics and carotenoids playing beneficial effects on the cardiovascular risk.