Bioaccessibility-based monitoring and risk assessment of indoor dust-bound PAHs collected from housing and public buildings: Effect of influencing factors

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in dust from different indoor environments in Zagreb, Croatia: Levels and human exposure assessment

“…The median mass fraction of BaP, usually taken as a representative of the PAH group, 48–50 was 19.3, 22.4, and 98.1 ng g −1 for kindergartens, workplaces, and cars, respectively. These values correspond to those reported for kindergarten and car dust elsewhere 26,51 with the exception of much higher BaP levels reported for office, commercial, and industrial buildings in Iran 43 …”

“…There are not many reports dealing with PAH levels in dust from microenvironments other than households. In comparison with levels reported for workplace dust in this paper, a much higher median ΣPAHs of 1920, 2440, and 6840 ng g −1 were found in commercial, office, and industrial buildings in Iran, respectively, 43 and also from rooms of various purposes (dormitory, office, kitchen, and living room) from China ranging from 21.8 to 329.6 μg g −1 44 . ΣPAHs in dust from preschools in Sweden 45 ranging from 748 to 5440 ng g −1 (median: 1480 ng g −1 ) substantially exceeded levels reported in our study.…”

“…These values correspond to those reported for kindergarten and car dust elsewhere 26,51 with the exception of much higher BaP levels reported for office, commercial, and industrial buildings in Iran. 43 Just the opposite to PBDEs, median ΣPAHs values were 1798.4, 1518.9, and 2472.0 ng g −1 in dust from cars manufactured in three different periods (1989-2000 (N = 6), 2002-2010 (N = 9), and 2012-2020 (N = 10), respectively) (Figure 4). Although Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA test did not reveal a statistically significant difference between those values, we must observe that the median ΣPAH was considerably higher in the dust from cars with the most recent manufacture year.…”

“…7 PAH mass fractions in dust from different microenvironments The domination of four-ring PAHs was observed in all three microenvironments, with Flu and Pyr measured at the highest mass fractions. They are mainly among the most abundant PAHs reported in indoor dust, 43,45 but are considered less dangerous to humans than PAHs with five or more aromatic rings. 46,47 Lim et al 45 also reported their highest levels in dust from Swedish preschools.…”

Insights into the house dust-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their potential human health risk in Greater Cairo, Egypt

“…109 Although the houses with smokers were excluded in the present study, the calculated CR and ILCRs values exceed the acceptable level for additional indoor PAH exposure sources that could lead to higher carcinogenic risks for children and adults. For example, other indoor exposure PAH source is smoking which leads to an increase in the levels of PAHs [110][111][112] and consequently causes additional serious health effects. As a result, human risk assessment studies from exposure to hazardous pollutants in indoor environments should be based on all possible exposures and these are highly recommended in Egypt.…”