Abstract:Data dealing with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) levels in settled dust of Greater Cairo houses (GCH), Egypt, and their implication on human health risk are scarce. The goal of this study was to gain insights into the characterisations of PAHs in settled dust in GCH and their associated carcinogenic and mutagenic risks. ƩPAH concentrations were 3125 and 268 ng/g in settled dust in GCH and rural houses (RH), respectively. Heavier congeners (4–6 aromatic ring PAHs) represented 86.5% (GCH) and 92% (RH) o… Show more
“…Children and adults of Greater Cairo, Egypt who were exposed to settled dust-bound PAHs showed cancer risk and inhalation related Lifetime cancer risks which exceeded accepted levels. 65 Figure 4.Incremental lifetime cancer risk of various indoor air pollution sources.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Children and adults of Greater Cairo, Egypt who were exposed to settled dust-bound PAHs showed cancer risk and inhalation related Lifetime cancer risks which exceeded accepted levels. 65 The ILCR values in decreasing order for all the sources are as follows DH2 > DH1 > M1 >W1 > IS1 > C1 > IS2 > CG1. The estimated ILCR via inhalation for DH2 is 541 and 455 times higher than that from CG1 and IS2, respectively.…”
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), a group of semi-volatile organic pollutants with 2–7 aromatic rings are emitted in association with particulates/gases from incomplete combustion. They are persistent and affect human health adversely. This is the first study wherein PM2.5 bound PAHs from 8 different indoor air pollution sources, namely dhoop (DH1, DH2), incense sticks (IS1, IS2), cigarette, mosquito coil and solid fuels ‘coal and wood’, that are widely used in South-Asian countries were studied. Their emission rates and concentration profiles were compared. Dhoop was studied for the first time and found to be emitting the highest quantity of total PAHs. FLA/(FLA + PYR) ratio rightly indicated ingredients like wood and grass as sources. However, other ratios indicated petrogenic/coal origin, while BaP/(BaP + CHR) and BaA/(BaA + CHR) ratios were not reported earlier. The highest Toxicity Equivalent Concentration and Mutagenic Equivalent Concentration were estimated for DH2 and the lowest for cigarette smoke. The maximum Inhalation Lifetime Cancer Risk equal to 1.85 × 10−05 (adults) was observed for DH2, exceeding the WHO guidelines. These inferences will help in optimizing the indoor sources’ combustion duration and formulating manmade indoor sources. They will assist in identifying high-risk indoor environments, causative sources and control mechanisms.
“…Children and adults of Greater Cairo, Egypt who were exposed to settled dust-bound PAHs showed cancer risk and inhalation related Lifetime cancer risks which exceeded accepted levels. 65 Figure 4.Incremental lifetime cancer risk of various indoor air pollution sources.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Children and adults of Greater Cairo, Egypt who were exposed to settled dust-bound PAHs showed cancer risk and inhalation related Lifetime cancer risks which exceeded accepted levels. 65 The ILCR values in decreasing order for all the sources are as follows DH2 > DH1 > M1 >W1 > IS1 > C1 > IS2 > CG1. The estimated ILCR via inhalation for DH2 is 541 and 455 times higher than that from CG1 and IS2, respectively.…”
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), a group of semi-volatile organic pollutants with 2–7 aromatic rings are emitted in association with particulates/gases from incomplete combustion. They are persistent and affect human health adversely. This is the first study wherein PM2.5 bound PAHs from 8 different indoor air pollution sources, namely dhoop (DH1, DH2), incense sticks (IS1, IS2), cigarette, mosquito coil and solid fuels ‘coal and wood’, that are widely used in South-Asian countries were studied. Their emission rates and concentration profiles were compared. Dhoop was studied for the first time and found to be emitting the highest quantity of total PAHs. FLA/(FLA + PYR) ratio rightly indicated ingredients like wood and grass as sources. However, other ratios indicated petrogenic/coal origin, while BaP/(BaP + CHR) and BaA/(BaA + CHR) ratios were not reported earlier. The highest Toxicity Equivalent Concentration and Mutagenic Equivalent Concentration were estimated for DH2 and the lowest for cigarette smoke. The maximum Inhalation Lifetime Cancer Risk equal to 1.85 × 10−05 (adults) was observed for DH2, exceeding the WHO guidelines. These inferences will help in optimizing the indoor sources’ combustion duration and formulating manmade indoor sources. They will assist in identifying high-risk indoor environments, causative sources and control mechanisms.
“…[13][14][15] Due to the merits of easy collection and high SVOC concentrations, house dust has been extensively used to assess the pollution level, human exposure and health risks of SVOC in indoor environments. [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] The determination of SVOC concentrations in house dust typically consists of three procedures: sampling, pretreatment and chemical analysis. 26 The sampling of house dust mainly includes two methods: (1) the vacuum-based method, in which house dust is collected by a filter (or a sampling bag sometimes) assembled in the vacuum cleaner, which is more often used in existing studies, 11,[27][28][29] and (2) the brush-based method, in which house dust is collected using a brush.…”
As an important storage medium of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOC) in indoor environments, house dust has been extensively used to assess the pollution level of indoor SVOC. SVOC in house dust are commonly quantified using solvent-extraction methods, which are however solvent-consuming, time-consuming and laborious. Thermal desorption (TD, solvent-free and easy-to-use) is a good alternative to solvent extractions, but its performance for analyzing house dust is still unverified. Therefore, we proposed a TD-based method for quantifying SVOC in house dust by incorporating the TD technique with GC-MS. Laboratory experiments (48 samples with high SVOC concentrations) and field-test experiments (12 samples with low SVOC concentrations) were performed to justify the proposed method by comparing its results to those of a traditional solvent-extraction method (Soxhlet extraction). For laboratory dusts, the accuracy (relative deviation < 20%) and repeatability (relative standard deviation < 13%) of the TD-based method were comparable to the solvent-extraction method. For field-test dusts, higher SVOC concentrations were typically obtained by the TD-based method, implying its superior performance. These results gave evident confidence in the performance of the TD-based method, which facilitated the simple, solvent-free and accurate quantification of SVOC in house dust.
Greater Cairo is one of the largest metropolitan areas in the world, yet the tempo-spatial trends of PM2.5 and loaded metal(loid)s) in its atmosphere, and their potential health risks, are poorly understood. We investigated the air concentrations of PM2.5, and associated Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn, in one urban and one industrial locations within Greater Cairo for one year in each location. Statistical analysis suggested that PM2.5 and its chemical composition in Greater Cairo are more influenced by land-use and local activities rather than meteorological conditions. Both annual and daily levels of PM2.5 were well above the WHO air quality guidelines, with annual averages of c. 37 and 56 µg m−3, and daily maximums of 165 and 176 µg m−3, in the urban and industrial areas, respectively. This indicates high probability of PM2.5 inflicted short- and long-term health risks to the population of Greater Cairo. Health risk modelling indicated that the residents of Greater Cairo are facing high non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks (up to 47 and 28 times the recommended hazard indices, respectively) from the studied 12 metal(loid)s combined. Lead (Pb) was the highest single threat to the health of Greater Cairo residents amounting up to 56% and 83% of the total non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks, respectively. Nevertheless, most of the exposure to Pb originated from ingestion rather than inhalation which was marginal. For all elements combined, and for some other individual elements, inhalation was a significant route of exposure but only for non-carcinogenic risks. For carcinogenic risks, the contribution of inhalation to the total risk was negligible.
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