Bioaccessibility and Risk Assessment of Cadmium from Uncooked Rice Using an In Vitro Digestion Model

Abstract

Cadmium (Cd)-contaminated rice is one of the most important sources of cadmium exposure in the general population from some Asian countries. This study was conducted to assess cadmium exposure from uncooked rice in rural mining areas based on the bioaccessible fraction of cadmium using an in vitro digestion model. The biotoxic effects of cadmium in uncooked rice from mining areas were much higher than those in the control area, based not only on their higher total concentration (52.49 vs. 7.93 μg kg −1 ), but also on their higher bioaccessibility (16.94% vs. 2.38%). In the mining areas, the bioaccessible fraction of cadmium in uncooked rice has a significant positive correlation with the total concentration of cadmium in rice and there was quarterly unsafe rice to the public in the mining areas. The results indicated that the in vitro digestion model could be a useful and economical tool for providing the solubilization or bioaccessibility of uncooked rice in the mining area. The results could be helpful in conducting future experiments of cooked rice in the vitro model.

Bioaccessibility and Human Exposure Assessment of Cadmium and Arsenic in Pakchoi Genotypes Grown in Co-Contaminated Soils

“…High percentages of Cd bioaccessibility were observed during in vitro digestion, the average Cd bioaccessibility of the pakchoi was higher during gastric phase (54.37%) than during the gastrointestinal phase (38.97%) ( Figure 4 ). These observations were similar to previous reports [ 22 , 23 , 33 , 46 ]. The results may be related to the fact that most of the Cd was accumulated in the cell vacuoles of the plants, except for a subset, which is absorbed by the cell wall; hence, amounts of Cd are easily released from plant tissues during in vitro digestion [ 46 , 47 ].…”

“…In fact, the health risks of heavy metal consumption depend on the fraction of a compound released from its matrix in the gastrointestinal tract making it available for absorption, and only a fraction of the total metal content will be bioaccessible for humans [ 20 , 21 ]. Bioaccessibility in turn is an estimation of maximum oral bioavailability of the contaminant in food and can therefore be used as an accurate tool to assess health risks [ 22 , 23 ].…”

“…In vitro digestion methods, based on the human gastrointestinal system, have been proposed and successfully used to study the bioaccessibility and risk assessment of contaminants (e.g., metals) from various soils and foods [ 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. With regard to heavy metals in food, a limited number of Cd and As bioaccessibility studies have been reported, so far, mostly concerning rice [ 22 , 26 , 27 ], mushrooms [ 28 ], edible seaweeds [ 29 , 30 ], and seafood [ 31 ]. Only few studies have investigated the bioaccessibility of Cd and As in vegetables [ 23 , 32 , 33 ], and as previously mentioned, most of these studies only focused on the bioaccessibility of single toxic metals.…”

Biotransformation and removal of heavy metals: a review of phytoremediation and microbial remediation assessment on contaminated soil

“…When soil is contaminated with metal, the effect can be malignant, especially on soil microbial properties (Yang et al 2012) and soil diversity with respect to taxonomy and functionality (Vacca et al 2012). The environmental/human risk associated with metal pollution cannot be overemphasized, with consideration of biomagnification tendencies (Roy and McDonald 2014).…”

Effects of washing, soaking and domestic cooking on cadmium, arsenic and lead bioaccessibilities in rice

“…They also reported selenium bioaccessibility from cooked rice as determined in a simulator of the human intestinal tract . Yang et al . assessed Cd bioaccessibility in uncooked rice.…”