“…The incorporation of rubber waste into bio-asphalt to produce bio-modified asphalt (BMA) could maximize the utilization of biomaterials as a partial or complete replacement for conventional asphalt towards adequate bio-modified asphalt and mixture performance; it could also provide a hybrid environmental solution for rubber waste management [13,23]. Recently, Lyu et al [24] conducted a study to introduce bio-modified asphalt as a clean and sustainable product.…”