A binary version of the hybrid grey wolf optimization (GWO) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) is proposed to solve feature selection problems in this paper. The original PSOGWO is a new hybrid optimization algorithm that benefits from the strengths of both GWO and PSO. Despite the superior performance, the original hybrid approach is appropriate for problems with a continuous search space. Feature selection, however, is a binary problem. Therefore, a binary version of hybrid PSOGWO called BGWOPSO is proposed to find the best feature subset. To find the best solutions, the wrapper-based method K-nearest neighbors classifier with Euclidean separation matric is utilized. For performance evaluation of the proposed binary algorithm, 18 standard benchmark datasets from UCI repository are employed. The results show that BGWOPSO significantly outperformed the binary GWO (BGWO), the binary PSO, the binary genetic algorithm, and the whale optimization algorithm with simulated annealing when using several performance measures including accuracy, selecting the best optimal features, and the computational time.

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Feature selection has gained much consideration from scholars working in the domain of machine learning and data mining in recent years. Feature selection is a popular problem in Machine learning with the goal of finding optimal features with increase accuracy. As a result, several studies have been conducted on multi-objective feature selection through numerous multi-objective techniques and algorithms. The objective of this paper is to present a systematic literature review of the challenges and issues of the multi-objective feature selection problem and critically analyses the proposed techniques used to tackle this problem. The conducted review covered all related studies published since 2012 up to 2019. The outcomes of the reviewed of these studies clearly showed that no perfect solution to the multi-objective feature selection problem yet. The authors believed that the conducted review would serve as the main source of the techniques and methods used to resolve the problem of multi-objective feature selection. Furthermore, current challenges and issues are deliberated to find promising research domains for further study.

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Feature selection or dimensionally reduction can be considered as a multi-objective minimization problem with two objectives: minimizing the number of features and minimizing the error rate simultaneously. Despite being a multiobjective problem, most existing approaches treat feature selection as a single-objective optimization problem. Recently, Multiobjective Grey Wolf optimizer (MOGWO) was proposed to solve multi-objective optimization problem. However, MOGWO was originally designed for continuous optimization problems and hence, it cannot be utilized directly to solve multi-objective feature selection problems which are inherently discrete in nature. Therefore, in this research, a binary version of MOGWO based on sigmoid transfer function called BMOGW-S is developed to optimize feature selection problems. A wrapper based Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is used to assess the classification performance of a subset of selected features. To validate the performance of the proposed method, 15 standard benchmark datasets from the UCI repository are employed. The proposed BMOGWO-S was compared with MOGWO with a tanh transfer function and Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) and Multi-objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO). The results showed that the proposed BMOGWO-S can effectively determine a set of non-dominated solutions. The proposed method outperforms the existing multi-objective approaches in most cases in terms of features reduction as well as classification error rate while benefiting from a lower computational cost.

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In recent years, technology has advanced to the fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0), where the Internet of things (IoTs), fog computing, computer security, and cyberattacks have evolved exponentially on a large scale. The rapid development of IoT devices and networks in various forms generate enormous amounts of data which in turn demand careful authentication and security. Artificial intelligence (AI) is considered one of the most promising methods for addressing cybersecurity threats and providing security. In this study, we present a systematic literature review (SLR) that categorize, map and survey the existing literature on AI methods used to detect cybersecurity attacks in the IoT environment. The scope of this SLR includes an in-depth investigation on most AI trending techniques in cybersecurity and state-of-art solutions. A systematic search was performed on various electronic databases (SCOPUS, Science Direct, IEEE Xplore, Web of Science, ACM, and MDPI). Out of the identified records, 80 studies published between 2016 and 2021 were selected, surveyed and carefully assessed. This review has explored deep learning (DL) and machine learning (ML) techniques used in IoT security, and their effectiveness in detecting attacks. However, several studies have proposed smart intrusion detection systems (IDS) with intelligent architectural frameworks using AI to overcome the existing security and privacy challenges. It is found that support vector machines (SVM) and random forest (RF) are among the most used methods, due to high accuracy detection another reason may be efficient memory. In addition, other methods also provide better performance such as extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), neural networks (NN) and recurrent neural networks (RNN). This analysis also provides an insight into the AI roadmap to detect threats based on attack categories. Finally, we present recommendations for potential future investigations.

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