Bio-Inspired and Smart Nanoparticles for Triple Negative Breast Cancer Microenvironment

Abstract

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) with poor prognosis and aggressive nature accounts for 10–20% of all invasive breast cancer (BC) cases and is detected in as much as 15% of individuals diagnosed with BC. Currently, due to the absence of the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) receptor, there is no hormone-based therapy for TNBC. In addition, there are still no FDA-approved targeted therapies for patients with TNBC. TNBC treatment is challenging owing to poor prognosis, tumor heterogeneity, chemotherapeutic side effects, the chance of metastasis, and multiple drug-resistance. Therefore, various bio-inspired tumor-homing nano systems responding to intra- and extra- cellular stimuli are an urgent need to treat TNBC patients who do not respond to current chemotherapy. In this review, intensive efforts have been made for exploring cell-membrane coated nanoparticles and immune cell-targeted nanoparticles (immunotherapy) to modulate the tumor microenvironment and deliver accurate amounts of therapeutic agents to TNBC without stimulating the immune system.

Recent progress in cancer cell membrane-based nanoparticles for biomedical applications

“…Cancer cell membranes hold great promise for personalized precision therapy because of their unique homologous targeting properties and immune evasion capabilities. Cancer cell membrane-based biomimetic NPs have been widely used in the diagnosis and treatment of tumor-related diseases (e.g., head and neck tumors [ 53 ], gland tumors [ 9 ], respiratory system tumors [ 54 ], digestive system tumors [ 55 ], urinary system tumors [ 56 ], gynecological tumors [ 57 ], skeletal system tumors [ 58 ], and hematological malignancies [ 59 ]). Additionally, due to the abundantly expressed functional components, they can play a unique role in specific types of noncancerous diseases, such as cerebrovascular diseases [ 26 ] and immune system diseases [ 22 ].…”

“…The biomimetic technique of cell membrane coating, which employs naturally cell-derived membranes, provides a new approach to address NP deficiencies [ 9 ]. The encapsulation of NPs with cell membranes can endow the NPs with biomimetic functions and replicate the biological characteristics derived from the original cells, such as the immune evasion of erythrocytes [ 10 ] and platelets [ 11 ] and the tumor-targeting ability of stem cells [ 12 ], immune cells [ 13 ], and cancer cell membranes [ 14 ].…”

Nanobiotechnology‐mediated radioimmunotherapy treatment for triple‐negative breast cancer

“…[28][29][30][31] NPs are used as carriers for drug delivery and controlled release so that the maximum concentration of immunotherapeutic drugs can be gathered at the tumor location in TNBC radioimmunotherapy. 25,32,33 The NPs with special radiosensitization effect not only can enhance the radiotherapy effect but also combine with the immunotherapy of TNBC to induce the antitumor immune response of the body, which can eliminate the residual or metastatic tumor cells and prevent tumor recurrence. [34][35][36][37][38][39] This paper reviews the relevant nanobiotechnologies used in preclinical studies of TNBC radioimmunotherapy, to provide a better clinical treatment method for patients with TNBC.…”

“…The development of nanobiotechnology provides effective solutions for the delivery and precise regulation of tumor immunotherapy, especially in drug delivery, greatly reducing systemic toxicity and the incidence of adverse immune events 26,27 . As a delivery carrier, nanoparticles (NPs) have a series of advantages over immunotherapeutic agents in the delivery process, including prolonging cycle time, targeted delivery, promotion of uptake and presentation, controlled release, and multiple drug delivery methods 28–31 . NPs are used as carriers for drug delivery and controlled release so that the maximum concentration of immunotherapeutic drugs can be gathered at the tumor location in TNBC radioimmunotherapy 25,32,33 .…”

Synthesis of Novel Acyl Derivatives of 3-(4,5,6,7-Tetrabromo-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)propan-1-ols—Intracellular TBBi-Based CK2 Inhibitors with Proapoptotic Properties

“…Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), the most difficult type of breast carcinoma to treat, accounting for 10 to 20% of all invasive breast cancers [3], is negative for the HER2 amplification, and both progesterone receptor (PR) and estrogen receptor (ER) expression [4]. Since TNBC is resistant to current hormone-based chemotherapies or anti-HER2 treatments [5,6], there is still an urgent need to search for a new molecular targets and therapeutic approaches that would be effective in TNBC treatment [7,8]. Protein kinase CK2 (formerly known as casein kinase II) is an enzyme that catalyzes phosphorylation of a huge number of substrates, and thus is involved in the regulation of many processes such as transcription [9,10], translation [11][12][13][14], control of protein stability [15][16][17] and degradation [18,19], cell cycle progression [20], cell survival [21][22][23] as well as circadian rhythms [24].…”