Bio-derived catalysts for production of biodiesel: A review on feedstock, oil extraction methodologies, reactors and lifecycle assessment of biodiesel

Continuous Fatty Acid Production: Comparative Technoeconomic and Life-Cycle Analysis between Subcritical Water and Lipase Methods

“…As a primary contribution to the AOC, the cost of crude palm oil accounts for 66.52 and 71.02% of the AOC of SWH and LPH, respectively. This is similar to the previous finding for the relevant process (biodiesel production) that indicated 80% of the cost is associated with the feedstock . As later discussed, sludge palm oil can be used to lower the AOC.…”

Utilization of waste banana peels as heterogeneous catalysts in room-temperature biodiesel production using a homogenizer

“…Other disadvantages of using a homogeneous catalyst include non-reusability and requirement of rened oil with free fatty acid content below 2%, which have also limited the utilization. 5,6 To overcome the disadvantages of homogeneous catalysts, heterogeneous substances are used as catalysts. Currently, many solid base or acid catalysts are developed either as a single compound or in combination with other compounds to increase their activity.…”

Hydrated Metal Salt Pretreatment and Alkali Catalyzed Reactive Distillation: A Two-Step Production of Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel

“…Due to the food versus fuel debate, edible crop-based biodiesel has been discouraged, and the selection of alternative feedstocks has found very high interest in both academia and industry. As reported by Güls ¸en et al [6] and confirmed by several authors [7][8][9][10], the price of the feedstock represents 80-85 % of the total biodiesel cost. The cost of waste cooking oils is 2-3 times lower than the cost of vegetable oils [11], setting a clear direction from where the optimization of biodiesel production should begin.…”