Binary MoS2 nanostructures as nanocarriers for amplification in multiplexed electrochemical immunosensing: simultaneous determination of B cell activation factor and proliferation-induced signal immunity-related cytokines

Abstract

A dual immunosensor is reported for the simultaneous determination of two important immunity-related cytokines: BAFF (B cell activation factor) and APRIL (a proliferation-induced signal). Sandwich-type immunoassays with specific antibodies (cAbs) and a strategy for signal amplification based on labelling the detection antibodies (dAbs) with binary MoS2/MWCNTs nanostructures and using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were implemented. Amperometric detection was carried out at screen-printed dual carbon electrodes (SPdCEs) through the hydroquinone HQ/H2O2 system. The developed dual immunosensor provided limit of detection (LOD) of 0.08 and 0.06 ng mL−1 for BAFF and APRIL, respectively, and proved to be useful for the determination of both cytokines in cancer cell lysates and serum samples from patients diagnosed with autoimmune diseases and cancer. The obtained results agreed with those found using ELISA methodologies. Graphical abstract

Identification and Immunomodulatory Effect on Immunosuppressed Mice of Selenium-Enriched Peptides of Egg White

“…Cytokines play an important role in maintaining the stability of the immune system by regulating the activity and promoting the proliferation of immune cells . As shown in Figure a,b, serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels in Se-EWP groups were extremely higher than those in MG ( p < 0.001), and serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels in Se-MDG were significantly higher than those in Se-HDG and MDG ( p < 0.05).…”

“…Cytokines play an important role in maintaining the stability of the immune system by regulating the activity and promoting the proliferation of immune cells. 45 As shown in Figure 6a,b, serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels in Se-EWP groups were extremely higher than those in MG (p < 0.001), and serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels in Se-MDG were significantly higher than those in Se-HDG and MDG (p < 0.05). As shown in Figure 6c, the serum IL-2 level in Se-EWP groups was higher than that in MG, and the serum IL-2 level in Se-MDG was higher than that in Se-HDG and MDG without significant difference.…”

“…During the immune response, IL-6 acted as B cell stimulating factor-2, inducing activated B cells to produce antibodies; IL-2 acted as T cell growth factor, enhancing the cytolytic activity of NK cells and promote the production of immunoglobulin in B cells. TNF-α is involved in antigen presentation and induces cellular immune response while activating macrophages . Therefore, results indicated that the medium-dose Se-EWP could upregulate the expression of inflammatory factors such as IL-6 and TNF-α to enhance humoral and cellular immune functions, thus improving the immunomodulatory activity of the body and preventing various serious diseases, while excessive selenium can lead to selenium poisoning and immune system disorders …”

“…TNF-α is involved in antigen presentation and induces cellular immune response while activating macrophages. 45 Therefore, results indicated that the medium-dose Se-EWP could upregulate the expression of inflammatory factors such as IL-6 and TNF-α to enhance humoral and cellular immune functions, thus improving the immunomodulatory activity of the body and preventing various serious diseases, while excessive selenium can lead to selenium poisoning and immune system disorders. 44 Our results proved that Se-EWP was obtained by denaturation pre-treatment and alkaline−neutral hydrolysis.…”

Two-Dimensional Non-Carbon Materials-Based Electrochemical Printed Sensors: An Updated Review

“…As a different approach, MoS 2 also has been utilized as biomarker labels for signal amplification, to improve sensitivity of an immunosensor. Arévalo et al [ 135 ] have integrated this concept into their amperometric multiplexed immunosensor for the determination of B cell activation factor (BAFF) and proliferation-induced signal (APRIL) immunity-related cytokines. In this work, screen-printed dual carbon electrodes (SPdECs) are modified with the biotinylated capture antibodies cAB BAFF and cAB APRIL on their respective working electrodes.…”