Binary copolymerization with full depropagation: A study of methyl methacrylate/α‐methyl styrene copolymerization

Leamen, M. J.; McManus, Neil T.; Penlidis, Alexander

doi:10.1002/pola.20874

Cited by 13 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Because the free radical polymerization of AMS has a ceiling temperature of 61°C in bulk and a high chain transfer constant to monomer, it gives low monomer conversion and molecular weight under conventional bulk conditions [16–18]. However, recent researches indicate that the copolymerization of AMS with other monomers can get favorable kinetics [18–22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Melt grafting of maleic anhydride onto polypropylene with assistance of α‐methylstyrene

Luo

Liu

2011

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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Melt grafting of maleic anhydride (MA) and α‐methylstyrene (AMS) onto polypropylene (PP) was performed by reactive extrusion. Effects of AMS on the graft degree of MA, crystallization behavior, and thermal properties of the graft copolymer were investigated. Results show that the addition of AMS as a comonomer can efficiently improve the MA graft degree. When the molar ratio of AMS to MA is 0.9:1, the maximum MA graft degree is attained, which increases about 56% compared with that using single monomer of MA. The results of the graft degree of MA obtained by chemical titration (CT) agree well with those obtained by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Melt flow rate (MFR) measurements indicate that the addition of AMS effectively reduces the degradation of PP molecules. The wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) results show that in comparison with the PP‐g‐MA sample, the PP‐g‐(MA‐AMS) sample shows no new crystalline form, but has a slight decrease in the average crystalline domain size. According to the results of thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the graft PP in the presence of AMS exhibits a lower melting point and a higher crystallization temperature and thermal stability in comparison with that without AMS. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Melt grafting of maleic anhydride onto polypropylene with assistance of α‐methylstyrene

Luo

Liu

2011

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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“…Consequently, depropagation has the biggest effect when the methacrylate content is high and the total monomer concentration is low. Kruger's model was put to test by Leamen et al 105 They studied methyl methacrylate (MMA)/α-methylstyrene (AMS) copolymerization where both monomers depropagate. It was determined that Kruger's model deviates from experimental values, especially at higher temperatures (100−140 °C); therefore, one should use this model with care.…”

Section: Secondary Reactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There were new considerations, such as monomer reactivity and selectivity ratios, methacrylate depropagation, acrylate backbiting, and β-scission, that needed to be taken into account. Newer models for high-temperature copolymerizations ,,,,, and terpolymerizations , have been developed. Wittenberg et al made a model for acrylic acid polymerization in aqueous solutions.…”

Section: Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radical Polymerization of Acrylates, Methacrylates, and Styrene: Biobased Approaches, Mechanism, Kinetics, Secondary Reactions, and Modeling

Pirman

Ocepek

Likozar

2021

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Biobased polymer molecules are a goal for the future. Here, the different intermediate pathways toward renewable structural constituents, which can substitute petrochemically derived unsustainable ones, are evaluated. Various biomass resources are covered, such as cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, lipids, and proteins, as well as their building blocks, such as sugars, glycerol, or itaconic acid. Further emphasis is put on the impact of the impurities in the biobased monomers and the possible separations steps to remove them. The kinetics of the radical polymerization process of reacting acrylic monomers, methacrylic monomers, and styrene is reviewed. Classical elementary mechanisms are briefly discussed, while focus is put on secondary chemical reactions that influence rates greatly at elevated system temperatures, starved-feed conditions, and unideal-mixed reactor units. These functional measures have now become a common standard practice in resin production manufacturing. Described breaking/forming transformations are the styrene self-initiation step, macromonomer carrier propagation, backbiting, long chain branching, β-scission, and methacrylate continuous depropagation. The effect of the copolymerization on involved occurring changes is also overviewed. Likewise, functionality now plays a much greater role than it used to, is linked to final formulation characteristics, and is thus an integral related part of this theoretical methodology. Cross-linking mechanisms are briefly discussed. Last but not least, an insight into modeling is presented with an emphasis on lumping, the method of moments, Monte Carlo applications, and simulating conversions, as well as correlated molecular mass distributions.

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“…The mean and variance of these priors are shown in Table . The mean of the normal distribution was based on the estimated parameter values by Leamen et al while the variance values were based on past experiences.…”

Section: Case Study 2: Reactivity Ratio Estimation In Reversible Copomentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactivity Ratio Estimation in Non‐Linear Polymerization Models using Markov Chain Monte Carlo Techniques and an Error‐In‐Variables Framework

Mathew

Duever

2015

Macro Theory & Simulations

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Reactivity ratio estimation was carried out in various nonlinear models using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) technique and an error-in-variables (EVM) regression model. The implementation steps for three different polymerization case studies are discussed in detail and the results from this work are compared to previously used approximation methods. Approximation techniques that rely on linear regression theory are shown to produce inaccurate joint confidence regions (JCRs). Therefore, in this paper, we explore MCMC techniques that can be used to produce JCRs with correct shape and probability content. In addition, the paper illustrates how an EVM model can be used in tackling any type of regression problem, including multi-response problems.

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Binary copolymerization with full depropagation: A study of methyl methacrylate/α‐methyl styrene copolymerization

Cited by 13 publications

References 38 publications

Melt grafting of maleic anhydride onto polypropylene with assistance of α‐methylstyrene

Melt grafting of maleic anhydride onto polypropylene with assistance of α‐methylstyrene

Radical Polymerization of Acrylates, Methacrylates, and Styrene: Biobased Approaches, Mechanism, Kinetics, Secondary Reactions, and Modeling

Reactivity Ratio Estimation in Non‐Linear Polymerization Models using Markov Chain Monte Carlo Techniques and an Error‐In‐Variables Framework

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