Running title (40 chars of 40 allowed): Development of uni-and bimanual coordination Conflicts of interest: There are no conflicts of interest.
ABSTRACTHuman motor control relies on spatial integration of information from multiple sensory modalities.During movement, both vision and proprioception signal posture and location of body parts. Currently, understanding of the developmental trajectory of the interplay between sensory processing and motor control is limited. Most previous studies have either investigated selective age groups, or focused on isolated motor functions.Here, we assessed, within-participant, three functional aspects of visual and proprioceptive integration for motor control across seven experimental tasks in a large cross-sectional sample of 4-12 year-old children: symmetric bimanual coordination, symmetric unimanual coordination with an externally produced signal, and the strategic, selective use of visual information for asymmetric bimanual coordination. All experiments used a hand circling task during which hand position could be available or hidden, allowing direct performance comparison across the entire study.Performance for all investigated functional aspects exhibited protracted development, evident in gradual average improvement over several years of age, albeit with different developmental trajectories for each function. Symmetrical bimanual coordination was efficient already at age 4, both with and without visual hand feedback. Symmetrical unimanual coordination with either a visual or a passive-proprioceptive signal continually improved until age 9. Asymmetric bimanual coordination was ineffective until age 9, and improved until age 12. Critically, performance was related within individuals between symmetric bi-and unimanual coordination, as well as between symmetric unimanual and asymmetric bimanual coordination, suggesting that the development of these motor functions is interdependent and serial.