Bilingual cogito: inner speech in acculturated bilinguals

Hammer, K.

doi:10.1080/13670050.2017.1285862

Cited by 6 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…They, on the other hand, reported using the L1 significantly more often in inner speech. This supports Dewaele's findings (2015) and might be linked to Hammer's (2017a) study, the results of which 'showed that acculturation level had a significant effect on frequency of language use in […] inner speech domains' (Hammer 2017a, 13). Even though living in an English-speaking country does not automatically imply high acculturation and bilinguals living in the L2 environment were shown to differ on the level of extent of acculturation (Hammer 2017a(Hammer , 2017b, it is likely that living in an LX-speaking country is generally beneficial in internalising an LX and using it for inner speech.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…This supports Dewaele's findings (2015) and might be linked to Hammer's (2017a) study, the results of which 'showed that acculturation level had a significant effect on frequency of language use in […] inner speech domains' (Hammer 2017a, 13). Even though living in an English-speaking country does not automatically imply high acculturation and bilinguals living in the L2 environment were shown to differ on the level of extent of acculturation (Hammer 2017a(Hammer , 2017b, it is likely that living in an LX-speaking country is generally beneficial in internalising an LX and using it for inner speech. The interviews additionally showed that naturalistic exposure supports dynamic changes in language internalisation and frequently leads multilinguals 'to think verbally' (Hammer 2017b, 73; see also Guerrero [2009]) in the LX.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…When investigating 149 Polish-English bilinguals, who had all moved to the UK as young adults, Hammer and Dewaele (2015) found that an increase in self-reported proficiency in the LX is, besides the AoA, age and frequency of use, also linked with high acculturation levels in the LXspeaking community (see also Schrauf [2009]). Hammer (2017a) then investigated if acculturation also has an effect on L2 use in inner speech among the 149 Polish-English bilinguals (mostly) living in the UK. The results demonstrated that this is indeed the case in various inner speech domains, such as diary writing, thinking of events experienced in the L1 or L2 as well as inner monologues including praying.…”

Section: Individual Differences In Inner Speech In Multilingualsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multilinguals’ use of L1 and L2 inner speech

Resnik

2018

International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism

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Research on inner speech is still in a nascent stage. The present paper investigates consecutive multilinguals' self-reported language use for inner speech with a focus on the L1 (first language) and L2 (second language). Its aim is to identify influential variables in these processes and to investigate if findings from previous studies are applicable across different L1s. The topic is approached using a triangulation approach, which consists of 24 in-depth interviews and a web survey study completed by 167 multilinguals from German-speaking and Asian backgrounds. Quantitative analysis showed that the L1 is generally used more frequently than the L2 in inner speech. Furthermore, high frequency of using the L2, naturalistic exposure to it and high selfreported proficiency in the L2 as well as a high bilingualism index boost its use for inner speech, as does the overall number of languages known. The qualitative analysis furthermore supports the crucial role of these variables in the internalisation of L2 inner speech and shows that they can even shift language use for inner speech entirely from the L1 to English (L2) in case it is frequently and proficiently used and in case a bi-/multilingual experiences naturalistic exposure to English in the L2 environment.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Individual Differences In Inner Speech In Multilingualsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multilinguals’ use of L1 and L2 inner speech

Resnik

2018

International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism

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“…Further studies are required to explain these counter-intuitive observations, much in the line of various studies reported in the literature on the neural differences between bilinguals and monolinguals (Marian and Shook, 2012 ; Hammer, 2017 ; Gangopadhyay et al, 2018 ).…”

Section: Feature Extraction and Classificationmentioning

confidence: 96%

Decoding Covert Speech From EEG-A Comprehensive Review

Panachakel

Ramakrishnan

2021

Front. Neurosci.

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Over the past decade, many researchers have come up with different implementations of systems for decoding covert or imagined speech from EEG (electroencephalogram). They differ from each other in several aspects, from data acquisition to machine learning algorithms, due to which, a comparison between different implementations is often difficult. This review article puts together all the relevant works published in the last decade on decoding imagined speech from EEG into a single framework. Every important aspect of designing such a system, such as selection of words to be imagined, number of electrodes to be recorded, temporal and spatial filtering, feature extraction and classifier are reviewed. This helps a researcher to compare the relative merits and demerits of the different approaches and choose the one that is most optimal. Speech being the most natural form of communication which human beings acquire even without formal education, imagined speech is an ideal choice of prompt for evoking brain activity patterns for a BCI (brain-computer interface) system, although the research on developing real-time (online) speech imagery based BCI systems is still in its infancy. Covert speech based BCI can help people with disabilities to improve their quality of life. It can also be used for covert communication in environments that do not support vocal communication. This paper also discusses some future directions, which will aid the deployment of speech imagery based BCI for practical applications, rather than only for laboratory experiments.

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“…Due to the static nature of sociobiographical factors and the limitations of linguistic factors in real life use, Pavlenko (2017) urged researchers to concentrate on the specific type and quality of L2 users’ emotional experiences (e.g., opportunities to joke, flirt, date, argue, and fight in L2). The underlying mechanism may be related to Hammer’s (2019) idea that there exist effects of context-specific language selection and use on ‘broader phenomena of frames of reference in the bilingual mind, as well as culturally-specific ways of appraising events’ (p. 14). Also, Dewaele (2013) viewed that the communication of emotion in an LX (a language acquired later in life) can be particularly difficult due to limited means to express the full range of emotions that are appropriate and needed in real communication, and thus he called for future studies on affective socialisation in an LX.…”

Section: Individual Variations In L2 Humour Appreciationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual variations in British humour appreciation among Chinese–English bilinguals: Role of socialisation and acculturation

Chen

Zhang

2022

International Journal of Bilingualism

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Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions: The primary aim of this study is to investigate individual differences in the appreciation of humour in an L2 with a special focus on British humour. It examined the predictive effects of variables including sociobiographical factors, linguistic profiles, domain-specific communication, and degree of acculturation on L2 (British) humour appreciation among late Chinese–English bilinguals. Design/methodology/approach: This study adopted a quantitative approach and used a video-embedded online questionnaire for data collection. A total of 131 UK-based late Chinese–English bilinguals rated the funniness of two short extracts from British sitcoms and answered questions regarding sociobiographical, linguistic, domain-specific communication, and cultural factors. Data and analysis: Funniness rating scores were calculated for each participant and for each humour extract. Spearman’s rho correlation analysis was used to find out the correlations between funniness ratings and different variables. Other non-parametric statistical tests such as Kruskal–Wallis test, Mann–Whitney U test, and Wilcoxon signed-ranks test were run to compare the differences between variables. Findings/conclusions: Chinese–English bilinguals who were more frequently engaged in humour-specific communication with friends and L1 speakers of British English and acculturated to a higher level tended to perceive L2 (British) humour funnier. Originality: The study highlights the role of humour socialisation and acculturation, along with L2 proficiency, in the appreciation of L2 humour. Sociobiographical factors associated with the appreciation of L1 humour may not necessarily predict the appreciation of humour in an L2. Significance/implications: The study contributes to the literature on the predictive factors for the domain of humour in an L2 among bilinguals and offers implications for both the field of bilingualism and humour.

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Bilingual cogito: inner speech in acculturated bilinguals

Cited by 6 publications

References 37 publications

Multilinguals’ use of L1 and L2 inner speech

Multilinguals’ use of L1 and L2 inner speech

Decoding Covert Speech From EEG-A Comprehensive Review

Individual variations in British humour appreciation among Chinese–English bilinguals: Role of socialisation and acculturation

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