Bile Acids as a New Type of Steroid Hormones Regulating Nonspecific Energy Expenditure of the Body (Review)

Abstract

The review is devoted to the systematization, classification, and generalization of the results of modern scientific research on the role of bile acids as a new class of steroid hormones. The paper presents the evidence for bile acid participation in the regulation of the body energy metabolism, body weight control, as well as the pathogenesis of obesity, diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular diseases. Particular attention is paid to the role of bile acids in the control of nonspecific energy expenditure of the body. The applied aspects of using the novel data about the membrane and intracellular receptors responsible for the development of hormonal regulatory effects of bile acids are analyzed. According to the authors, the modern data on the role of bile acids in the regulation of body functions allow a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of body weight disorders and associated cardiovascular diseases. The review demonstrates promising directions in the search for specific methods of prevention and correction of these pathological conditions.

Bioinformatic identification of hub genes related to Obesity paradox in Breast Cancer by Menopausal Status

“…Bile acids are the largest family of steroidal mediators that at relatively low concentrations regulate metabolic processes by binding to the Farnesoid-X-receptors (FXR), and the G protein bile acid activated receptor (GPBAR)-1[16], also known as Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) [17]. On the other hand, at high concentrations, activate both membrane and nuclear receptors.…”

In Silico Prediction of Steroids and Triterpenoids as Potential Regulators of Lipid Metabolism

“…Commenting on the release of this unusual lipid, the authors point out that aromatic steroids are more typical for plants and less so for marine invertebrates or higher animals. A 4-hydroxy-6-oxopregnane-3-glycoside with an aromatic ring A containing the sugar 6 -deoxy-L-β-altropyranose-4 -acetate named hapaioside (15) was found in the extract of a Pohnpei, a tube sponge, Cribrochalina olemda from the family Niphatidae [47]. The activity of this glycoside has not been determined, although it is known that this marine sponge contains cyclic peptides called kapakahines, some of which show cytotoxicity against P388 murine leukemia cells [48].…”

“…The regulation of lipid metabolism is of interest primarily in the context of the regulation of energy flow and the way of its integration with other energy sources in tissues. A special role in the regulation of lipid metabolism is played by hormones such as adrenaline and norepinephrine, glucagon, glucocorticoids, hormones of the anterior pituitary gland, as well as thyroxine and sex hormones [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20].…”

Some Aspects of Bile Physiology in Norm and in Pathology

“…При этом образуются гликохолевая, таурохолевая, а также гликохенодезоксихолевая и таурохенодезоксихолевая кислоты (рис. 1) [5].…”

“…Именно ЖК ответственны за выполнение функций желчи, включающих элиминацию свободного и этерифицированного холестерина, гидрофобных метаболитов с молекулярной массой 300-500 дальтон, таких как билирубин и порфирины. Кроме того, ЖК способствуют выведению многих ксенобиотиков, лекарственных соединений и тяжелых металлов [5].…”