Bike Transalp 2008: Liquid Intake and Its Effect on the Body's Fluid Homeostasis in the Course of a Multistage, Cross-Country, MTB Marathon Race in the Central Alps

Schenk, Kai; Gatterer, Hannes; Ferrari, Marcello; Ferrari, Pietro; Cascio, Vincenzo Lo; Burtscher, Martin

doi:10.1097/jsm.0b013e3181c9673f

Cited by 30 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…In a recent study in a multi-stage mountain bike race, the time course of the decrease in body mass and the increase in extracellular water could be described in the same manner using the same method. 11 In another recent study in a multi-stage cycling race, an increase in lean body mass was described while using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. 33 The meaning of this increase in lean body mass remains unclear, and the development of an oedema might be postulated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also the data of fluid intake and urinary output would give more insight into fluid regulation. 11 In athletes at the edge of physical performance and without a support crew; however, it is not possible to burden them unnecessarily. The non-invasive investigation such as measuring body composition using bioelectrical impedance analysis 2 and urinary analysis 36 takes little time per day, does not bother ultra-endurance athletes while racing and resting, and provides reliable data.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9,10 It has been well documented that prolonged strenuous exercise over several consecutive days induced a progressive increase in extracellular water, plasma volume and total body water. [11][12][13][14][15] Sodium retention seemed to be the major factor in the increase in plasma volume. 9 In multi-stage ultra-endurance runs, plasma volume increased, 13-15 plasma [Na + ] concentration was maintained 15,16 and aldosterone increased.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of a Multistage Ultraendurance Triathlon on Aldosterone, Vasopressin, Extracellular Water and Urine Electrolytes

et al. 2012

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Prolonged endurance exercise over several days induces increase in extracellular water (ECW). We aimed to investigate an association between the increase in ECW and the change in aldosterone and vasopressin in a multistage ultraendurance triathlon, the 'World Challenge Deca Iron Triathlon' with 10 Ironman triathlons within 10 days. Before and after each Ironman, body mass, ECW, urinary [Na(+)], urinary [K(+)], urinary specific gravity, urinary osmolality and aldosterone and vasopressin in plasma were measured. The 11 finishers completed the total distance of 38 km swimming, 1800 km cycling and 422 km running within 145.5 (18.8) hours and 25 (22) minutes. ECW increased by 0.9 (1.1) L from 14.6 (1.5) L prerace to 15.5 (1.9) L postrace (P < 0.0001). Aldosterone increased from 70.8 (104.5) pg/mL to 102.6 (104.6) pg/mL (P = 0.033); vasopressin remained unchanged. The increase in ECW was related neither to postrace aldosterone nor to postrace vasopressin. In conclusion, ECW and aldosterone increased after this multistage ultraendurance triathlon, but vasopressin did not. The increase in ECW and the increase in aldosterone were not associated.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of a Multistage Ultraendurance Triathlon on Aldosterone, Vasopressin, Extracellular Water and Urine Electrolytes

et al. 2012

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“…Two recent studies investigated fluid intake and electrolyte metabolism in ultra-endurance mountain bikers in multistage races (Rose and Peters 2010;Schenk et al 2010). In the 3-day race of Rose and Peters (2010), the cyclists completed daily distances between 71 and 90 km, respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the 3-day race of Rose and Peters (2010), the cyclists completed daily distances between 71 and 90 km, respectively. In the 8-day race of Schenk et al (2010), the cyclists had to complete daily distances between 62 and 122 km, respectively. While in the 3-day race over 248 km, no change in altitude was indicated (Rose and Peters 2010), the athletes in the 8-day race had to climb a total of 21,691 m of altitude over the 665.4 km with 3,930 m of altitude being the highest altitude to climb in the steepest stage (Schenk et al 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

No case of exercise-associated hyponatraemia in top male ultra-endurance cyclists: the ‘Swiss Cycling Marathon’

Rüst

Knechtle

et al. 2011

Eur J Appl Physiol

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The prevalence of exercise-associated hyponatraemia (EAH) has been investigated in endurance athletes such as runners and Ironman triathletes, but not in ultra-endurance road cyclists. We assessed fluid intake and changes in body mass, urine specific gravity and plasma sodium concentration ([Na(+)]) in 65 ultra-endurance road cyclists in a 720-km ultra-cycling marathon, the 'Swiss Cycling Marathon'. The cyclists lost 1.5 (1.7)% body mass (P < 0.01). No athlete developed EAH. Fluid intake was associated with the change in plasma [Na(+)] (r = -0.32, P < 0.05) and the change in body mass (r = -0.30, P < 0.05). The change in plasma [Na(+)] was related to post-race plasma [Na(+)] (r = 0.63, P < 0.0001). To conclude, ad libitum fluid intake in ultra-endurance cyclists in a single-stage ultra-endurance road cycling race showed no case of EAH. Future studies regarding drinking behaviour in different ultra-endurance disciplines might give insights into why the prevalence of EAH is different in the different disciplines. Abstract The prevalence of exercise-associated hyponatraemia (EAH) has been investigated in endurance athletes such as runners and Ironman triathletes, but not in ultraendurance road cyclists. We assessed fluid intake and changes in body mass, urine specific gravity and plasma sodium concentration ([Na ? ]) in 65 ultra-endurance road cyclists in a 720-km ultra-cycling marathon, the 'Swiss Cycling Marathon'. The cyclists lost 1.5 (1.7)% body mass (P \ 0.01). No athlete developed EAH. Fluid intake was associated with the change in plasma [Na ? ] (r = -0.32, P \ 0.05) and the change in body mass (r = -0.30, P \ 0.05). The change in plasma [Na ? ] was related to post-race plasma [Na ? ] (r = 0.63, P \ 0.0001). To conclude, ad libitum fluid intake in ultra-endurance cyclists in a single-stage ultra-endurance road cycling race showed no case of EAH. Future studies regarding drinking behaviour in different ultra-endurance disciplines might give insights into why the prevalence of EAH is different in the different disciplines.

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What Do Athletes Drink During Competitive Sporting Activities?

Garth

Burke

2013

Sports Med

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Although expert groups have developed guidelines for fluid intake during sports, there is debate about their real-world application. We reviewed the literature on self-selected hydration strategies during sporting competitions to determine what is apparently practical and valued by athletes. We found few studies of drinking practices involving elite or highly competitive athletes, even in popular sports. The available literature revealed wide variability in fluid intake and sweat losses across and within different events with varied strategies to allow fluid intake. Typical drinking practices appear to limit body mass (BM) losses to ~2 % in non-elite competitors. There are events, however, in which mean losses are greater, particularly among elite competitors and in hot weather, and evidence that individual participants fail to meet current guidelines by gaining BM or losing >2 % BM over the competition activity. Substantial (>5 %) BM loss is noted in the few studies of elite competitors in endurance and ultra-endurance events; while this may be consistent with winning outcomes, such observations cannot judge whether performance was optimal for that individual. A complex array of factors influence opportunities to drink during continuous competitive activities, many of which are outside the athlete's control: these include event rules and tactics, regulated availability of fluid, need to maintain optimal technique or speed, and gastrointestinal comfort. Therefore, it is questionable, particularly for top competitors, whether drinking can be truly ad libitum (defined as "whenever and in whatever volumes chosen by the athlete"). While there are variable relationships between fluid intake, fluid balance across races, and finishing times, in many situations it appears that top athletes take calculated risks in emphasizing the costs of drinking against the benefits. However, some non-elite competitors may need to be mindful of the disadvantages of drinking beyond requirements during long events. Across the sparse literature on competition hydration practices in other sports, there are examples of planned and/or ad hoc opportunities to consume fluid, where enhanced access to drinks may allow situations at least close to ad libitum drinking. However, this situation is not universal and, again, the complex array of factors that influence the opportunity to drink during an event is also often beyond the athletes' control. Additionally, some competition formats result in athletes commencing the event with a body fluid deficit because of their failure to rehydrate from a previous bout of training/competition or weight-making strategies. Finally, since fluids consumed during exercise may also be a source of other ingredients (e.g., carbohydrate, electrolytes, or caffeine) or characteristics (e.g., temperature) that can increase palatability or performance, there may be both desirable volumes and patterns of intake that are independent of hydration concerns or thirst, as well as benefits from undertaking a "paced" fluid plan....

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Bike Transalp 2008: Liquid Intake and Its Effect on the Body's Fluid Homeostasis in the Course of a Multistage, Cross-Country, MTB Marathon Race in the Central Alps

Cited by 30 publications

References 37 publications

Effect of a Multistage Ultraendurance Triathlon on Aldosterone, Vasopressin, Extracellular Water and Urine Electrolytes

Effect of a Multistage Ultraendurance Triathlon on Aldosterone, Vasopressin, Extracellular Water and Urine Electrolytes

No case of exercise-associated hyponatraemia in top male ultra-endurance cyclists: the ‘Swiss Cycling Marathon’

What Do Athletes Drink During Competitive Sporting Activities?

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