Bifunctional nano-catalyst produced from palm kernel shell via hydrothermal-assisted carbonization for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil

Abdullah, Rose Fadzilah; Rashid, Umer; Ibrahim, Mohd Lokman; Hazmi, Balkis; Alharthi, Fahad A.; Nehdi, Imededdine Arbi

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2020.110638

Cited by 48 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…Any carbonaceous material such as oil palm biomass, bamboo, sawdust, lignite, coal, coconut shells, willow peat and wood can be used to make activated carbon. This bio-adsorbent has unique characteristics such as large porous volume and high surface area [35]. There are three factors affecting the adsorption process especially in biodiesel purification namely surface functional groups, pore size and surface area of the adsorbents.…”

Section: Activated Adsorbent Compoundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Technological Advancement for Efficiency Enhancement of Biodiesel and Residual Glycerol Refining: A Mini Review

et al. 2021

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Biodiesel or known as fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), is a diesel fuel substitute derived from the transesterification reaction of triglycerides with alcohol in the presence of suitable catalyst. The demand for biodiesel is increasing due to environmental and health awareness, as well as diminishing energy security. However, the presence of impurities in biodiesel will affect engine performance by corroding fuel tubes and damaging the injectors. Common methods for the purification of biodiesel include water washing, dry washing and membrane separation. This mini review compares the technological advancement for efficient enhancement of biodiesel and glycerol refining between wet washing, dry washing (activated compound, biomass-based adsorbents and silica-based adsorbents), ion exchange and membrane separation technology. The percentage of glycerol residues, soap, alcohol and catalyst from crude biodiesel was compared to reflect the resulting biodiesel purity variation. The advantages and disadvantages of each method were also discussed.

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Section: Activated Adsorbent Compoundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Technological Advancement for Efficiency Enhancement of Biodiesel and Residual Glycerol Refining: A Mini Review

et al. 2021

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“…These catalysts are synthesized mainly from plant materials through pyrolysis and/or carbonization processes. AC is a carbonaceous material with high surface area and porosity, which is why it has gained significant interest in applications such as carbon sequestration, wastewater treatment, and energy production 105 . Biochar is carbonized organic matter, produced in solid form and consists mainly of 60% to 90% carbon with a very porous structure 9 .…”

Section: Heterogeneous Catalysts Preparation Based On Different Bioma...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dong et al 113 consider that with a combination of HTC and pyrolysis, it is possible to produce a better quality carbonaceous material as a catalyst. Abdullah et al 105 prepared nanocatalysts impregnated with K 2 CO 3 and Cu(NO 3 ) 2 based on porous AC by means of an HTC‐impregnation method (see Table 4). The significant increase in surface area and the number of active sites corroborated that the HTC technique influences the performance of the precursor biomass as a support for the nanocatalyst.…”

Section: Heterogeneous Catalysts Preparation Based On Different Bioma...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomass‐based heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production: A comprehensive review

Tobío‐Pérez

Domínguez

Rodríguez-Machín

et al. 2021

Intl J of Energy Research

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Summary Biodiesel is one of the most widely used alternative fuels to reduce exhaust emissions and the use of conventional fossil fuels. It can be synthesized from a transesterification reaction from vegetable oils or animal fats in the presence of homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysts. Some drawbacks of using homogeneous catalysts increased attention to heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production. Recently, heterogeneous catalysts derived from biomass have risen to the forefront of biodiesel production due to their sustainability, economical and eco‐friendly nature. In addition, they are easily recovered and constitute an alternative to eliminate biomass residues. This review highlights several biomass sources used as precursors for the production of heterogeneous catalyst. Furthermore, methods for preparing heterogeneous catalysts, the reaction mechanisms, catalyst advantages and drawbacks, their performance in biodiesel production, as well as the methodologies developed for their effective recovery are discussed in detail. Among lignocellulosic biomass‐based precursors, the paper takes into account those based on biochar, ash, carbonaceous substrate, and seed oil cake. Those catalysts obtained by both preparation methods (calcination and activation) have good catalytic activity for waste cooking oil or neat oils. Biomass ash or biochar‐based catalysts are also promising routes in biodiesel synthesis, but significant reductions in catalyst load, reaction time, temperature, and methanol‐to‐oil ratio must be reached.

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“…After drying, the PKSB was crushed into powder form using mortar and pestle. In various previous studies, the PKSB was prepared and characterized before and after the treatment processes based on the study objectives [37][38][39]. The detailed synthesis process and the characterization of the PKSB can be studied from previous work [40,41].…”

Section: Pksb Adsorbent Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Validation experiments were performed based on numerically optimized values of operating parameters to confirm the suitability of the model (Equations ( 3) and ( 4)). The optimum values of operating parameters were found based on RSM analysis for the highest desirability [38]. In this case, for all independent variables, the "in range option" was targeted, while for the dependent variables (PAH and COD removal), the "maximized option" was chosen.…”

Section: Validation Of the Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of Micro-Pollutants’ Removal from Wastewater Using Agricultural Waste-Derived Sustainable Adsorbent

Alhothali

Haneef

Mustafa

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Water pollution due to the discharge of untreated industrial effluents is a serious environmental and public health issue. The presence of organic pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) causes worldwide concern because of their mutagenic and carcinogenic effects on aquatic life, human beings, and the environment. PAHs are pervasive atmospheric compounds that cause nervous system damage, mental retardation, cancer, and renal kidney diseases. This research presents the first usage of palm kernel shell biochar (PKSB) (obtained from agricultural waste) for PAH removal from industrial wastewater (oil and gas wastewater/produced water). A batch scale study was conducted for the remediation of PAHs and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from produced water. The influence of operating parameters such as biochar dosage, pH, and contact time was optimized and validated using a response surface methodology (RSM). Under optimized conditions, i.e., biochar dosage 2.99 g L−1, pH 4.0, and contact time 208.89 min, 93.16% of PAHs and 97.84% of COD were predicted. However, under optimized conditions of independent variables, 95.34% of PAH and 98.21% of COD removal was obtained in the laboratory. The experimental data were fitted to the empirical second-order model of a suitable degree for the maximum removal of PAHs and COD by the biochar. ANOVA analysis showed a high coefficient of determination value (R2 = 0.97) and a reasonable second-order regression prediction. Additionally, the study also showed a comparative analysis of PKSB with previously used agricultural waste biochar for PAH and COD removal. The PKSB showed significantly higher removal efficiency than other types of biochar. The study also provides analysis on the reusability of PKSB for up to four cycles using two different methods. The methods reflected a significantly good performance for PAH and COD removal for up to two cycles. Hence, the study demonstrated a successful application of PKSB as a potential sustainable adsorbent for the removal of micro-pollutants from produced water.

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Bifunctional nano-catalyst produced from palm kernel shell via hydrothermal-assisted carbonization for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil

Cited by 48 publications

References 76 publications

Technological Advancement for Efficiency Enhancement of Biodiesel and Residual Glycerol Refining: A Mini Review

Technological Advancement for Efficiency Enhancement of Biodiesel and Residual Glycerol Refining: A Mini Review

Biomass‐based heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production: A comprehensive review

Optimization of Micro-Pollutants’ Removal from Wastewater Using Agricultural Waste-Derived Sustainable Adsorbent

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