“…3c, right) are conducted to examine the protrusion region in detail, where the electromigration (EM) or SIV (stress-induced voiding, discuss later) are excluded since the protrusion or voids created are different in the microstructure as reported. [39][40][41][42] Among one-time programmable fuse ap-plications, there are three irreversible states, i.e., deep RESET (DR), dielectric break-down (DB), and via-fusing (VF). Fig.…”