Beyond the standard time-temperature curve: Assessment of intumescent coatings under standard and deviant temperature curves

Morys, Michael; Häßler, Dustin; Krüger, Simone; Schartel, Bernhard; Hothan, Sascha

doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2020.102951

Cited by 20 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…A common procedure to improve the noisy and low-contrast CT data would be to modify the brightness or apply some kind of contrast enhancement or noise reduction filter. , Subsequently, image thresholding would lead to the binary image. However, this procedure does not completely eliminate noise and the calculated porosities tend to be lower (typically below 50%) than what might be expected for the reported expansion factors. ,, Similar procedures were also reported for SEM images, but the performance of such an approach was very limited .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is especially true for fragile structures that simply crumble when characterizing them with mercury intrusion or when trying to cut plane cross sections for imaging. One example of such a highly porous but difficult to characterize structure is intumescent char. − …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consequently, most previous studies only considered qualitative trends in the pore networks. For example, Morys et al ,− compared chars qualitatively by looking at gray-scale values from their CT data to identify relative changes in char density. Kang et al , calculated char porosities from their CT data.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantitative Characterization of Highly Porous Structures with Fluorescence Microscopy and Microcomputed Tomography

Dreyer

Gundlach

Weinell

et al. 2021

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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In this study, a rapid and versatile methodology for quantitative pore structure characterization is described taking the example of intumescent char. The char porosity and pore structure tend to be difficult to quantify but are decisive for the material’s thermal conductivity and thus performance. The methodology described here uses a fluorescent dye containing epoxy to impregnate the char. After curing, the sample is cut and polished, followed by imaging with a fluorescence microscope. The recorded images are segmented using an open-source interactive machine learning program, followed by automated pore size and porosity measurements. Volume-based three-dimensional (3D) pore size distributions are calculated via stereography and compared to X-ray microcomputed tomography (μ-CT) results. The pore aspect ratio and tortuosity of the solid char phase are also discussed. It is shown that the fluorescence microscopy methodology produces high-resolution images with excellent contrast, while similar pore metrics (porosity of 81.8%, average volume-based pore size of 70.5 μm) to those for μ-CT are obtained.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantitative Characterization of Highly Porous Structures with Fluorescence Microscopy and Microcomputed Tomography

Dreyer

Gundlach

Weinell

et al. 2021

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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“…Apart from the above, there are publications relating the data from different polymers with rapid mass calorimeter, cone calorimeter, and PCFC [ 11 , 12 ]. More importantly, from the context of this manuscript, there are also many publications on different fire-retardant polymer-based coatings on small steel panels [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ], some [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ] of which use a bulk-scale test setup to evaluate the performance of intumescent coatings. Bulk-scale test involves the use of a coated substrate and the amount of materials involved is typically measured in grams.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlating the Performance of a Fire-Retardant Coating across Different Scales of Testing

Zope

Dasari

et al. 2020

Polymers

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Material-scale tests involving milligrams of samples are used to optimize fire-retardant coating formulations, but actual applications of these coatings require them to be assessed with structural-scale fire tests. This significant difference in the scale of testing (milligrams to kilograms of sample) raises many questions on the relations between the inherent flammability and thermal characteristics of the coating materials and their “performance” at the structural scale. Moreover, the expected “performance” requirements and the definition of “performance” varies at different scales. In this regard, the pathway is not established when designing and formulating fire-retardant coatings for structural steel sections or members. This manuscript explores the fundamental relationships across different scales of testing with the help of a fire-protective system based on acrylic resin with a typical combination of intumescent additives, viz. ammonium polyphosphate, pentaerythritol, and expandable graphite. One of the main outcomes of this work dictates that higher heat release rate values and larger amounts of material participating in the pyrolysis process per unit time will result in a rapid rise in steel substrate temperature. This information is very useful in the design and development of generic fire-retardant coatings.

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“…An example of a bench-scale electric furnace that was used to mimic standard fire curves is the standard time temperature oven (STT Mufu + ; see Fig. 4a) [31,35,67,68]. It consists of an electric 5.78 dm 3 muffle oven that was modified such that coated samples can be tested according to the standard temperature-time curve in EN 1363-1 [28] (Fig.…”

Section: Examples Of Electric Furnace Setupsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of heat exposure equipment and in-situ characterisation techniques for intumescent coatings

Dreyer

Weinell

Dam‐Johansen

et al. 2021

Fire Safety Journal

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Beyond the standard time-temperature curve: Assessment of intumescent coatings under standard and deviant temperature curves

Cited by 20 publications

References 49 publications

Quantitative Characterization of Highly Porous Structures with Fluorescence Microscopy and Microcomputed Tomography

Quantitative Characterization of Highly Porous Structures with Fluorescence Microscopy and Microcomputed Tomography

Correlating the Performance of a Fire-Retardant Coating across Different Scales of Testing

Review of heat exposure equipment and in-situ characterisation techniques for intumescent coatings

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