Beyond the MMC: Extended Modular Multilevel Converter Topologies and Applications

Sun, Pingyang; Tian, Yumeng; Pou, Josep; Konstantinou, Georgios

doi:10.1109/ojpel.2022.3175714

Cited by 43 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 108 publications

(124 reference statements)

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“…Paralleling modules instead of bypassing eliminates no-load states and lowers the load of the active modules to bring both closer to the mean [40,41]. More details on MMSPC operation and topologies are described in the literature [42][43][44].…”

Section: B Module-load Ripplementioning

confidence: 99%

Bandwidth-Increased Ripple-Mitigating Scheduling Algorithm for Dynamically Reconfigurable Batteries

Kacetl

Tashakor

et al. 2022

IEEE Access

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Modular cascaded circuits offer attractive qualities in reconfigurable battery applications, including improved fault tolerance and flexibility. In contrast to conventional hard-wired dc battery packs, however, cascaded topologies, such as modular multilevel circuits (MMC) with serial or serial and parallel connectivity, load modules with substantial low-frequency current ripple, which generates additional loss and can accelerate battery aging. Recent studies reveal that low-frequency ripple can cause noticeable battery aging, whereas high frequencies are insignificant, presumably mainly as they can be absorbed by the dielectric electrode capacitance, and reduce heating associated with lower high-frequency battery impedance. Previous MMC-battery control methods solely focus on state-of-charge and thermal balancing of individual modules, while the few existing methods for suppressing ripple tend to form low-frequency patterns in the modules' load, which increase battery cycling as well as loss. This paper presents a rippleoriented high-bandwidth control technique that minimizes low-frequency components in the module load spectrum and improves battery treatment, while maintaining the average switching frequency. The control method takes limitations related to module data acquisition into account and enhances the feedback bandwidth using observers. It works with a wide range of topologies including modules with series connectivity only as well as series/parallel. The measurements in the laboratory verify the shift of the module load from the 10 -100 Hz range to ~5 kHz and a reduction of battery losses by up to 20 %.INDEX TERMS Modular battery, modular multilevel converter, cascaded bridge converter, reconfigurable battery, battery ageing model, ripple suppression, influence of ripple current, second harmonic, scheduling, battery energy storage systems (BESS), electric vehicle drive trains.

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Section: B Module-load Ripplementioning

confidence: 99%

Bandwidth-Increased Ripple-Mitigating Scheduling Algorithm for Dynamically Reconfigurable Batteries

Kacetl

Tashakor

et al. 2022

IEEE Access

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“…Averaging (phase balancing) controller, seen in Fig. 3, ensures that phase voltages are distributed equally (9). Differential current compensates for the error whenever there is a mismatch between the average arm voltage and the individual SM voltage.…”

Section: Modular Distributed Fault-tolerant Controllermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…MMC can easily increase or decrease the voltage level with the series connected power modules, called Sub-Module (SM). However, the performance of an MMC highly depends on the control structure as each SM capacitor voltage needs to be monitored and controlled at all times [8], [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implementation of a Modular Distributed Fault-tolerant Controller for MMC Applications

Isik¹,

Burugula²,

Alharbi³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Centralized control algorithm limits the hardware flexibility of a Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC). Therefore, industrial MMC applications have started adopting distributed control structures. Even though distributed controller reduces a single point of failure risk compared to the centralized controller, the failure risk of the entire control systems increases due to the number of local controllers. However, the distributed controller can be programmed in such a way as to bypass the faulty local controller and take care of the power modules with the adjacent local controllers. This paper implements a modular distributed fault-tolerant controller for a scaled laboratory MMC prototype. Experimental results show that an MMC can operate without interruption, even under two local controller failures. Besides, the experimental results are verified with the Opal-RT, a real-time simulator with the same controller in a Control Hardware in Loop (CHIL) environment.

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“…MMCs with different submodules (SMs) has been widely used in HVDC projects, due to their salient features such as modularity, scalability and excellent harmonic performance [32]. Recently commissioned MVDC demonstration projects in China also adopt MMCs as ac/dc converters [16], [17], [29].…”

Section: Equipment Requirements and Protectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identifying Opportunities for Medium Voltage DC Systems in Australia

Sun

Li²,

Town

et al. 2022

2022 IEEE PES 14th Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC)

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Transmission and distribution networks based on medium voltage direct current (MVDC) solutions have the potential to provide higher power quality, greater power transmission/conversion efficiency, enhanced power supply reliability/stability, improved power supply capacity, and more efficient corridor utilisation compared to an equivalent ac system. Moreover, MVDC networks can facilitate the integration of renewable energy sources (RESs), energy storage systems (ESSs), and the increasing number of dc loads. However, these systems are still in early development stages; their advantages in need of clear demonstration before large-scale commercial adoption. This paper explores general MVDC network structures and different application scenarios focusing on cases of particular interest to Australian power systems and to Australia in general. Areas of interest are identified and equipment requirement, protection schemes and related challenges are also discussed, highlighting both technical barriers and possible development directions.

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Beyond the MMC: Extended Modular Multilevel Converter Topologies and Applications

Cited by 43 publications

References 108 publications

Bandwidth-Increased Ripple-Mitigating Scheduling Algorithm for Dynamically Reconfigurable Batteries

Bandwidth-Increased Ripple-Mitigating Scheduling Algorithm for Dynamically Reconfigurable Batteries

Implementation of a Modular Distributed Fault-tolerant Controller for MMC Applications

Identifying Opportunities for Medium Voltage DC Systems in Australia

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