“…Second, studies have checked whether students have attained the competencies set out in curricula; this focus has proved fertile ground for the use of rubrics. Prominent examples include analyses of core competencies, primarily the competencies of information literacy (e.g., Whitlock & Ebrahimi, 2016) and oral or written communication (e.g., García-Ros, 2011;Good, Osborne, & Birchfield, 2012), but also including studies on specific competencies (e.g., Romkey, Chong, & El Gammal, 2015;Tractenberg, Umans, & McCarter, 2010). Third, studies have verified whether the learning environments set out in course syllabuses are consistent with the pedagogical principles of a competency-based higher education.…”