Beyond <scp>UV</scp> radiation: A skin under challenge

Dupont, Éric; Gómez, Joan Jiménez; Bilodeau, Diane

doi:10.1111/ics.12036

Cited by 151 publications

(151 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Moreover, the UVA radiation is the main concomitant cause of skin photosensitization and phototoxicity [2]. Considering that the incident radiation spectrum is constituted by approximately 95% of UVA radiation, we can easily work out how important is to arrange an appropriate skin protection strategy also from this thick slice of the solar spectrum, which is particularly dangerous as cannot be screened by either plastic or glass.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The New Sunscreens among Formulation Strategy, Stability Issues, Changing Norms, Safety and Efficacy Evaluations

Lionetti¹,

Rigano

2017

Cosmetics

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Abstract:The sun-and-skin interactions have controversial sides. Besides important beneficial effects, we need to take into consideration also some serious harmful results. In particular, these are connected to the portion of the solar spectrum traditionally identified as ultraviolet type A and B. The topical application of sunscreens (and the avoidance of extreme exposure to sun rays) is worldwide recognized as the best strategy to avoid sunburn and oedema. Moreover, such strategy can efficiently prevent the onset of skin cancer. Therefore, the first aim of sunscreen products is to efficiently minimize all damage of sun exposure, while, at the same time, keeping good skin tolerability, avoiding safety problems and developing pleasant sensorial properties. Sunscreens, i.e., substances able to reflect and/or absorb, at a partial or complete extent, UV radiation are the key actors in skin protection. They are used to implement the level of primary photoprotection against UV rays. This means that when they absorb the radiation energy, their molecules pass to an excited state and successively re-emit energy in other forms (vibrational, rotational, infrared radiation) to come back to the ground state.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The New Sunscreens among Formulation Strategy, Stability Issues, Changing Norms, Safety and Efficacy Evaluations

Lionetti¹,

Rigano

2017

Cosmetics

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“…These factors produce a large number of aggressive oxidants that damage all of the biological skin cell membranes (Silva et al, 2010;Binic et al, 2013;Datta et al, 2011;Dupont, Gomez, Bilodeau, 2013). Accordingly, the use of skin care products and cosmetics has been utilized to mitigate the cutaneous photoaging process (Visscher, Pan, Kitzmiller, 2013) and these products are commonly composed of plant extracts (Binic et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic cocoa extract -loaded surfactant-based systems intended to skin bioadhesion

Fonseca-Santos

Funagoshi

Oliveira

et al. 2017

Braz. J. Pharm. Sci.

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This study was to develop, characterize, and evaluate the physical-chemical stability, in vitro antioxidant activity and in vitro safety profile of liquid crystalline systems (LCS) and microemulsions (MEs) with and without organic cocoa (OC) extract. LCS stabilized by surfactant polyoxyethylene 20 cetyl ether, containing water and oleic acid were studied. LCS and MEs were characterized using polarized light microscopy, small angle X-ray scattering, rheology and in vitro bioadhesion, and were evaluated for a period of 30 days by visual aspects, centrifuge test, pH value and relative density. PLM and SAXS assays showed the presence of domains of MEs, cubic and hexagonal mesophasephases, varying the proportions of the components of the formulations; where in the addition of the extract did not change rheological behavior of the formulations. All of the formulations were stable in the period analyzed and presented higher bioadhesive strength. In vitro antioxidant activity suggests that LCS and MEs presented a high capacity to maintain the antioxidant activity of OC extract. The results showed that the incorporation of OC in LCS improved the safety profile, according to cytotoxicity assays of systems may be a promising platform to OC extract for topical application for the potential treatment of skin disorders. Keywords:Liquid crystals/evaluation/physical-chemical stability. Microemulsions/evaluation. Surfactant-based system. Organic cocoa extract. Skin bioadhesion. INTRODUCTIONSkin is routinely exposed to stressful environmental factors such as pollutants and UV radiation. These factors produce a large number of aggressive oxidants that damage all of the biological skin cell membranes (Silva et al., 2010;Binic et al., 2013;Datta et al., 2011;Dupont, Gomez, Bilodeau, 2013). Accordingly, the use of skin care products and cosmetics has been utilized to mitigate the cutaneous photoaging process (Visscher, Pan, Kitzmiller, 2013) and these products are commonly composed of plant extracts (Binic et al., 2013).A great number of plants and plant extracts are studied for their antioxidative action arising from their phenolic substructures. Phenolic compounds are composed of an aromatic ring that is linked to a hydroxyl group, which donates electrons and hydrogen atoms. As a result, these compounds are exceptional antioxidants (Silva et al., 2010;Binic et al., 2013;Reuter, Merfort, Schempp, 2010).Cocoa, the dried and fermented seeds derived from Theobroma cacao, has been consumed since 1100 B.C. by ancient civilizations such as the Mayans and Aztecs (Hurst et al., 2002). Cocoa contains high amounts of the flavonoids (−)-epicatechin (EC) and (+)-catechin, and procyanidins B2 and B1. Additionally, other polyphenols such as quercetin, isoquercitrin (quercetin 3-O-glucoside), quercetin 3-O-arabinose, hyperoside (quercetin 3-O-galactoside), naringenin, luteolin, and apigenin have also been found in cocoa in minor quantities (Sánchez-Rabaneda et al., 2003). While the natural amount B. Fonseca-Santos, E. E. Funagoshi, J. R. S. Olivei...

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“…Ainda, produzem radicais livres, resultando no aumento de citocinas pró-inflamatórias e na expressão de MMPs, seguida por danos ao DNA, de forma similar os raios UVA (DUPONT et al, 2013;AKHALAYA et al, 2014). Além disso, tem sido demonstrado que a radiação VIS também participa nos processos de pigmentação da pele (tardio e imediato), que pode persistir por até 8 semanas, interferindo nos processos que desencadeiam alterações pigmentares, como melasma e hipercromia pós-inflamatória; mas os mecanismos envolvidos nestes processos também não estão completamente elucidados (MAHMOUND et al, 2008;RANDHAWA et al, 2015).…”

Section: A Pele Humana E Os Efeitos Da Radiação Solarunclassified

“…No entanto, muitos estudos têm demonstrado que a radiação visível (VIS) e infravermelho (IV), especialmente aquela na região IVA, também podem promover danos significativos à pele (SCHROEDER et al, 2008;CHO et al, 2009;ZASTROW et al, 2009;KRUTMAN et al, 2012;RANDHAWA et al, 2015). Os principais efeitos provocados após exposição à radiação solar são: câncer de pele, queimaduras solares e fotoenvelhecimento cutâneo; devido aos danos diretos causados ao DNA e à geração de espécies reativas ao oxigênio (ERO) (POLEFKA et al, 2012;DUPONT et al, 2013;AKHALAYA et al, 2014;NATARAJAN et al, 2014). Considerando isto, medidas de fotoproteção incluem o uso de roupas, chapéus e óculos específicos para proteção solar; não se expor ao sol entre 11-16 horas e o uso de fotoprotetores tópicos e orais, sendo que o uso correto de protetores solares constitui a forma mais eficaz para garantir uma adequada proteção solar (SCHALKA et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

“…Sua eficácia deve ser determinada através de testes in vivo e in vitro do FPS e FP-UVA (BRASIL, 2012b). No entanto, atualmente, tem-se sugerido que uma fotoproteção eficiente não deve ser limitada à proteção apenas contra a radiação UV, mas também deve incluir proteção contra a radiação VIS e IV, em vista dos danos que podem causar (DUPONT et al, 2013;AKHALAYA et al, 2014;GRETHER-BECK et al, 2014). Apesar de todo o esforço neste sentido, ainda não existem métodos internacionalmente padronizadas para a avaliação do dano causado nestas regiões e, muito menos, para avaliar a proteção oferecida por um protetor solar contra estes danos.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

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Desenvolvimento e avaliação da eficácia clínica de fotoprotetores com ação em toda a região do espectro solar

Souza¹

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Beyond UV radiation: A skin under challenge

Cited by 151 publications

References 60 publications

The New Sunscreens among Formulation Strategy, Stability Issues, Changing Norms, Safety and Efficacy Evaluations

The New Sunscreens among Formulation Strategy, Stability Issues, Changing Norms, Safety and Efficacy Evaluations

Organic cocoa extract -loaded surfactant-based systems intended to skin bioadhesion

Desenvolvimento e avaliação da eficácia clínica de fotoprotetores com ação em toda a região do espectro solar

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