Beyond Four Forces: The Evolution of Psychotherapy

Abstract

The lens through which one views the evolution of psychotherapy is shaped by historical, sociopolitical, philosophical, and cultural worldviews and movements, as well as by relevant scientific discoveries, global developments, and ecological changes. One popular way to frame the evolution of personality theory and psychotherapy is through the concept of forces or paradigms that shape the field. The first three of these forces are commonly presented as psychoanalytic, behavioral, and humanistic-existential (e.g., Friedlander,

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