Beyond Communicable Disease Control: Health in the Age of Globalization

Arhin‐Tenkorang, Dyna; Conceiçāo, Pedro

doi:10.1093/0195157400.003.0020

Cited by 22 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…In the absence of research evidence, global decisions will be based on rhetoric, ideological values and the political interests of the powerful. For example, until scientists had uncovered overwhelming proof for the contagion theory of disease in 1892, the internationally accepted cause of illness shifted according to political preference with commercial perspectives often prevailing (Arhin‐Tenkorang and Conceição, 2003; Cooper, 1989; Howard‐Jones, 1975). Researchers, therefore, must seek to conduct robust policy‐relevant studies on the most pressing global challenges so that technical decisions can be informed by multiple inputs and thus become less susceptible to unhelpful political interference.…”

Section: Facilitate Evidence Informed Global Decision Makingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitigating Inequalities of Influence among States in Global Decision Making

Hoffman¹

2012

Global Policy

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International institutions should be as equal as they claim to be, especially since many of them assert superordinate normative authority based on having egalitarian governance structures. However, when defining equality with respect to states’ real‐world influence in determining substantive outcomes, it is evident that there is an equality‐influence gap between the rhetoric of parity among states and the reality of international politics. This is problematic because it undermines trust in those international institutions that falsely claim to embody equality among states when empirically they do not. Focusing on the United Nations System, this paper identifies three main causes of this disproportional influence among states in global decision making: (a) external imbalances in political capital; (b) internal economic barriers; and (c) surreptitious influence through non‐state actors, funding and training. Six pragmatic strategies are proposed for mitigating these inequalities: (1) building capacity for leadership in global advocacy; (2) supporting global networks owned by developing countries; (3) equalizing multi‐party partnerships; (4) facilitating evidence‐informed global decision making; (5) enhancing accountability and independent evaluation; and (6) encouraging further discussion on institutional reforms. Notwithstanding sovereign equality’s deep flaws, it is hoped that challenging the egalitarian presumptions of global decision making will encourage further debate on this issue among those who can act upon it. Policy Implications Inequalities of influence among states should be mitigated in order to avert the moral fraud and distrust that results from international institutions' claims of superordinate normative authority based on fictional sovereign equality. NGOs can help mitigate inequalities but they can also inadvertently deepen them by prioritizing the interests of the powerful states, wealthy elites and private industries that frequently fund them and to whom they are legally accountable. It is both desirable and possible to achieve more equal decision making in global governance, especially throughout the United Nations System which celebrates the principle of sovereign equality and benefits from an institutional architecture that naturally supports it. Mitigating this equality‐influence gap may help foster better global decision making and a more peaceful, secure and prosperous international society.

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Section: Facilitate Evidence Informed Global Decision Makingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitigating Inequalities of Influence among States in Global Decision Making

Hoffman¹

2012

Global Policy

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“…Las políticas orientadas a incentivar a la industria privada para que investigue y desarrolle algunos medicamentos como son las políticas de "arrastre" en la que se trata de garantizar a la empresa un mercado a través de un compromiso de compra del medicamento una vez desarrollado y de "empuje" basada en subsidios a la investigación 7 , en algunos casos no serán efectivas. Cuando el costo de oportunidad de invertir en el desarrollo de una vacuna o cura es cada vez mayor, el esfuerzo en términos econó-micos de un subsidio que permita desplazar las Mercado de la vacuna de la malaria.…”

Section: Conclusionesunclassified

Incentivos y desincentivos de la industria farmacéutica privada para la I+D de nuevos medicamentos

Curcio

2008

Cad. Saúde Pública

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IntroducciónTodos los años se enferman y mueren miles de personas a causa de enfermedades tropicales, a pesar de esta situación, los recursos invertidos por parte de la industria farmacéutica para la investigación y el desarrollo (I+D) de medicamentos para combatirlas son muy bajos. En los últimos 25 años sólo se han desarrollado 15 nuevos medicamentos para estas enfermedades que representan el 12% de la carga de morbilidad mundial, versus 179 nuevos medicamentos nuevos que fueron desarrollados para enfermedades cardiovasculares que representan el 11% de la carga total de enfermedades 1 .La principal diferencia entre los dos tipos de enfermedades radica en que las primeras afectan primordialmente a los países en desarrollo de bajos ingresos, y no afectan a los países de altos ingresos, mientras que las otras representan la mayor carga de morbilidad de los países desarrollados y con altos ingresos. Investigaciones realizadas por el Comité de los Derechos de Propiedad Intelectual de la Organización Mundial de la Salud muestran que los mecanismos de incentivos que otorgan los derechos de propiedad intelectual no son suficientes para investigar en aquellas enfermedades cuyos mercados son los de países de bajos ingresos 2 . La industria farmacéutica orientará sus investigaciones hacia aquellas enfermedades que afectan a los países desarrollados y con mayor capacidad de pago.ARTIGO ARTICLE

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“…Among the public goods making up public health, scholars and practitioners have emphasized a variety of shared social, environmental, and structural factors -the underlying determinants of health discussed above -finding these public goods potentially more important than the private goods of medicine and health services in preventing disease and promoting health. 20 Under this broader construction of health, public health systems, the infrastructures for the public's health, 21 can be seen to alleviate harmful societal determinants of health and assure provision of the public goods necessary to create underlying conditions through which people can be healthy. 22 While public health practitioners continue to develop varied proximal interventions to influence individual health (seeking to improve, for example, individual knowledge, resources, and decision-making power) almost all agree that overarching improvements in public health goals could best be achieved through public health systems.…”

Section: Increasing Influence Of Transnational Corporationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advancing Health Rights in a Globalized World: Responding to Globalization through a Collective Human Right to Public Health

Meier¹

2007

J. Law. Med. Ethics

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The right to health was codified in Article 12 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights as an individual right, focusing on individual health services at the expense of public health systems. This article assesses the ways in which the individual human right to health has evolved to meet collective threats to the public's health. Despite its repeated expansions, the individual right to health remains normatively incapable of addressing the injurious societal ramifcations of economic globalization, advancing individual rights to alleviate collective inequalities in underlying determinants of health. By examining modern changes to underlying determinants of health, this article concludes that responding to globalized health threats necessitates a collective right to public health.

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Beyond Communicable Disease Control: Health in the Age of Globalization

Cited by 22 publications

References 31 publications

Mitigating Inequalities of Influence among States in Global Decision Making

Mitigating Inequalities of Influence among States in Global Decision Making

Incentivos y desincentivos de la industria farmacéutica privada para la I+D de nuevos medicamentos

Advancing Health Rights in a Globalized World: Responding to Globalization through a Collective Human Right to Public Health

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