Beyond CMOS computing with spin and polarization

Manipatruni, Sasikanth; Nikonov, Dmitri E.; Young, Ian A.

doi:10.1038/s41567-018-0101-4

Cited by 319 publications

(286 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Magnetoresistance (MR), which means that the resistance of materials can be tuned by external magnetic field, brings revolution to modern industry through its device applications, such as magnetic sensors, hard drives and so on [1]. Besides the anisotropic magnetoresistance, giant magnetoresistance, colossal magnetoresistance and 2.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple metamagnetism, extreme magnetoresistance and nontrivial topological electronic structures in the magnetic semimetal candidate holmium monobismuthide

Ruan

Tang

et al. 2019

New J. Phys.

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Inconceivably large changes (up to 10 6 %) of the resistivity induced by external magnetic field-a phenomenon known as the extreme magnetoresistance effect has been reported in a great number of exotic semimetals. The very recent and exciting discoveries mainly pay attention to the compounds without magnetic ground states, which appears to limit the potential growth of semimetal family. For fundamental scientific interests, introduction of spin degree of freedom would provide an almost ideal platform for investigating the correlation effect between magnetism, crystallographic structure and electric resistivity in materials. Here, we report the experimental observation of metamagnetic behaviors and transport properties of HoBi single crystals. Being a magnetic member of the rare earth monopnictide family, the magnetoresistance of HoBi is significantly modulated by the magnetic orders at low temperature, which shows a nonmonotonic increment across the successive magnetic phases and reaches 10 4 % (9 T and 2 K) in the ferromagnetic state. Kohler's rule predicts that more than one type of carriers dominates the transport properties. Well fitted magnetoresistance and Hall resistivity curves by the semiclassical two-band model suggest that the densities of electron and hole carriers are nearly compensated and the carrier mobilities in this compound are ultrahigh. Besides, the inverted band structures and nonzero Z 2 topological invariant indicate that possible nontrivial electronic states could generate in the ferromagnetic phase of HoBi. Combining the experimental and theoretical results, it is found that the cooperative action of carrier compensation effect and ultrahigh mobility might contribute to the extreme magnetoresistance observed in the titled compound. These findings suggest a paradigm for obtaining the extreme magnetoresistance in magnetic compounds and are relevant to understand the rare-earth-based correlated topological materials. tunnel magnetoresistance [2-5], extremely large magnetoresistance have attracted increasing interest [6, 7], since it not only offer the potential to design new devices, but also pose challenges to understand the fundamental phenomena in nature. The extreme magnetoresistance has been widely reported in the classic elemental semimetal Bi, topological semimetals WTe 2 , Cd 3 As 2 , TaPn (Pn = As, Sb) family, pyrite-type PtBi 2 , RPtBi (R=Nd, Gd), RPn (R=rare earth; Pn = Sb, Bi) and so on . Ever since the unprecedentedly large magnetoresistance is revealed in LaSb, the research enthusiasm on rare earth monopnictides RPn (R=rare earth, Pn = Sb, Bi) is inspired [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. The family has been widely studied in the 1980-90s for its heavy-fermion nature [31]. Intriguingly, the recent calculations predict that LaPn (Pn = N, P, As, Sb, and Bi) could be a topological prototype material with band inversion at X point of the bulk fcc Brillouin zone [32]. Afterwards, further investigation on this family has been systematically performe...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple metamagnetism, extreme magnetoresistance and nontrivial topological electronic structures in the magnetic semimetal candidate holmium monobismuthide

Ruan

Tang

et al. 2019

New J. Phys.

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“…In the past several decades, due to excellent capacity in solving problems based on structured mathematical programs, the von Neumann architecture‐based computers have rapidly expanded. However, with the increasingly obvious trend of information explosion, this conventional computing system is now facing unprecedented challenges limited to its intrinsic separated processing and memory units causing immense energy consumption . Driven by the needs of the concept of Internet of Things and artificial intelligence, the demand for neuromorphic computing that attempts to emulate the behaviors of human brains has extremely increased.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, with the increasingly obvious trend of information explosion, this conventional computing system is now facing unprecedented challenges limited to its intrinsic separated processing and memory units causing immense energy consumption. [1,2] Driven by the needs of the concept of Internet of Things and artificial intelligence, the demand for neuromorphic computing that attempts to emulate the behaviors of human brains has extremely increased. In human brains, massive information can be processed at an extraordinarily fast speed with low energy consumption of only 1-100 fJ per synaptic element, taking the advantage of parallel processing of the neural network.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress in Photonic Synapses for Neuromorphic Systems

Zhang

Dai

Zhao

et al. 2020

Advanced Intelligent Systems

145

118

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Implementing synaptic functions with electronic devices is critical to achieve neuromorphic systems on the hardware platform, as synapses play important roles in brain computing and memory. Synapses modulated by light signals, which are also referred as photonic synapses, can not only make effective use of the outstanding properties of light to provide devices with ultrahigh propagation speed, high bandwidth and low crosstalk but also provide a noncontact writing method, which can facilitate the evolution of optical wireless communication and operation. More importantly, real‐time image processing can also be performed by photonic synapses which possess temporary memory. Thus far, tremendous efforts have been taken to design and fabricate photonic synapses. Herein, a summary of the development of different kinds of emerging materials utilized in photonic synaptic devices including memristors, field‐effect transistors, and phase change memory is presented, followed by the innovative applications of photonic synapses for neuromorphic systems. Finally, some current challenges and future study directions are discussed.

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“…This implies, in turn, a generalized Landauer principle corresponding to the change in marginal distribution over Z i , which is determined by the local Markov channel shown in Eq. (2). In other words, absent control over the noninteracting subsystem Z s , which remains stationary over the local computation on Z i , the work done hW t→tþτ i on Z i is bounded below:…”

Section: Global Versus Localized Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Digital technology is expected, for example, to reach the vicinity of the Landauer cost in the near future [2]. This seeming inevitability forces us to ask if the Landauer bound can be achieved for more complex information processing tasks than writing or erasing a single bit of information.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermodynamics of Modularity: Structural Costs Beyond the Landauer Bound

2018

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Information processing typically occurs via the composition of modular units, such as the universal logic gates found in discrete computation circuits. The benefit of modular information processing, in contrast to globally integrated information processing, is that complex computations are more easily and flexibly implemented via a series of simpler, localized information processing operations that only control and change local degrees of freedom. We show that, despite these benefits, there are unavoidable thermodynamic costs to modularity-costs that arise directly from the operation of localized processing and that go beyond Landauer's bound on the work required to erase information. Localized operations are unable to leverage global correlations, which are a thermodynamic fuel. We quantify the minimum irretrievable dissipation of modular computations in terms of the difference between the change in global nonequilibrium free energy, which captures these global correlations, and the local (marginal) change in nonequilibrium free energy, which bounds modular work production. This modularity dissipation is proportional to the amount of additional work required to perform a computational task modularly, measuring a structural energy cost. It determines the thermodynamic efficiency of different modular implementations of the same computation, and so it has immediate consequences for the architecture of physically embedded transducers, known as information ratchets. Constructively, we show how to circumvent modularity dissipation by designing internal ratchet states that capture the information reservoir's global correlations and patterns. Thus, there are routes to thermodynamic efficiency that circumvent globally integrated protocols and instead reduce modularity dissipation to optimize the architecture of computations composed of a series of localized operations.

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Beyond CMOS computing with spin and polarization

Cited by 319 publications

References 52 publications

Multiple metamagnetism, extreme magnetoresistance and nontrivial topological electronic structures in the magnetic semimetal candidate holmium monobismuthide

Multiple metamagnetism, extreme magnetoresistance and nontrivial topological electronic structures in the magnetic semimetal candidate holmium monobismuthide

Recent Progress in Photonic Synapses for Neuromorphic Systems

Thermodynamics of Modularity: Structural Costs Beyond the Landauer Bound

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