Beyond classic concepts in thyroid homeostasis: Immune system and microbiota

The relationship between thyroid and human-associated microbiota: A systematic review of reviews

“…A specific para is dedicated to benign thyroid nodules and papillary thyroid cancer pathophysiology and progression A change in quality and quantity of intestinal microbes is associated to thyroid autoimmune disorders as well as to thyroid carcinoma Virili [ 26 ] To assess the knowledge about the gut microbiota features in patients with thyroid autoimmune diseases and the reciprocal interactions between the microflora and the most common treatments used for thyroid diseases The linkage between microbiota composition and thyroid autoimmunity has been proven in different models; evidence are more strong for Graves’ diseases than for Hashimoto’s thyroiditis due to the different functional status of patients enrolled in the studies Qi [ 27 ] To analyze the impact of the gut microbiota composition on the reproductive and metabolic endocrine system examining the role of gut microflora on thyroid disorders Thyroid cancer, hypo- and hyperthyroidism are characterized by peculiar microbiota composition. The uptake of iodine, selenium iron and zinc may be affected by gut microbiota composition Sturov [ 28 ] To consider the interaction between gut microbiota and the development of thyroid autoimmunity and the characteristics of microflora composition in patients with thyroid dysfunction Changes in microbiota profile is one of the factors involved in the development of thyroid autoimmunity Fernàndez-Garcìa [ 29 ] To review the principal known interactions between thyroid, gut microbiota and immune system Several mechanisms controlling thyroid homeostasis may be affected by gut microbiota composition Ferreira [ 30 ] To sum up the knowledge about the relationship between gut microflora and selenium status with a focus on bioavailability of selenocompounds and thyroid disorders Specific bacterial strains belonging to gut microbiota (e. g. belonging to Lactobacillus genus) are able to provide more bioavailable forms of selenium and microbiota may impact on enzymatic activity of selenoproteins Bargiel [ 31 ] To describe the evidence about the association between microbiota and its metabolites to thyroid dysfunction and autoimmunity The microbiome is related to thyroid malfunctioning but if dysbiosis is a cause or an effect of thyroid disorders is not known Cao [ 32 ] To examine the literature about risk factors for Graves’ ophthalmopathy A link between gut micro...…”

“…Some phyla and genus significantly correlated with TSH level as well as with anti-TPO and anti-Tg autoantibodies. However, the geographical clustering of the studies imposes a deepening in the topic [ 12 , 17 , 19 – 21 , 26 , 28 , 29 , 31 , 34 , 35 , 39 , 42 – 44 , 47 , 48 ] Is there a variation in microbiota composition in patients with Graves’ disease and Graves’ ophthalmopathy? Most of the available evidence, derived from studies prevalently conducted in China, agrees in describing a decrease of all indices of richness and diversity and of the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio in patients with GD and GO.…”

Exploring the oral‐gut microbiota during thyroid cancer: Factors affecting the thyroid functions and cancer development

“…The most dominant bacterial phyla present in a healthy gut are Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria (Fernández-García et al, 2021).…”

The Future Perspective of Gut Microbiota and Autoimmune Thyroid Disease

“…As previously mentioned, the intestinal tract is an important aspect for the homeostasis and metabolism of nutrients, molecules, drugs, and hormones related to thyroid function, such as iodothyronine, both exogenous and endogenous [17] . In mice as well as in humans, the intestine is a large part of the immune system, even the intestine contains more immuno-globulin secreting cells compared to lymphoid organs [18] .…”