The relationship between thyroid and human-associated microbiota: A systematic review of reviews

Abstract

In recent years, a growing number of studies have examined the relationship between thyroid pathophysiology and intestinal microbiota composition. The reciprocal influence between these two entities has been proven so extensive that some authors coined the term "gut-thyroid axis". However, since some papers reported conflicting results, several aspects of this correlation need to be clarified. This systematic review was conceived to achieve more robust information about: 1)the characteristics of gut microbiota composition in patients with the more common morphological, functional and autoimmune disorders of the thyroid; 2)the influence of gut microbial composition on micronutrients that are essential for the maintenance of thyroid homeostasis; 3)the effect of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics, some of the most popular over-the-counter products, on thyroid balance; 4)the opportunity to use specific dietary advice. The literature evaluation was made by three authors independently. A five steps strategy was a priori adopted. After duplicates removal, 1106 records were initially found and 38 reviews were finally included in the analysis. The systematic reviews of reviews found that: 1) some significant variations characterize the gut microbiota composition in patients with thyroid disorders. However, geographical clustering of most of the studies prevents drawing definitive conclusions on this topic; 2) the available knowledge about the effect of probiotics and synbiotics are not strong enough to suggest the routine use of these compounds in patients with thyroid disorders; 3) specific elimination nutrition should not be routine suggested to patients, which, instead have to be checked for possible micronutrients and vitamins deficiency, often owed to gastrointestinal autoimmune comorbidities.

Causal effect of gut microbiota of Defluviitaleaceae on the clinical pathway of “Influenza–Subacute Thyroiditis–Hypothyroidism”

“…Numerous studies have been performed to explore the relationship between intestinal microbiota and diseases, such as gastrointestinal diseases, psychiatric diseases, metabolic diseases, and autoimmune diseases (Tlaskalová-Hogenová et al, 2011 ; Chen et al, 2016 ; Vitale et al, 2021 ). Some studies have indicated the association between gut microbiota and thyroid diseases, along with the concept of “thyroid–gut–axis” (Lerner et al, 2017 ; Fröhlich and Wahl, 2019 ; Jiang et al, 2022 ; Virili et al, 2023 ). However, whether the alteration of microbiota is the cause of thyroid diseases cannot be determined.…”